Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Writingservices

Surprising Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Writingservices The Basics of Writingservices You Will have the option to Learn From Beginning Today If there's no motivation and you don't comprehend what things to expound on, they will help you. Use your chance to make a work for which you'll be absolutely pleased. It may sound crazy however it's a genuine workmanship to finding the strategy for persuading others regarding something impossible. Heaps of individuals don't care for their current employment or profession. Putting your scholastic calling under peril is clearly not a reasonable decision. There's no strain to utilize us, yet when you do you will be satisfied that you did. As an option in contrast to battling alone, you're go to an article administration that could take a couple of that duty off your shoulders. It's your chance to tie down improved outcomes without spending any endeavors. Our one of a kind and very specific composing administrations are here so as to assist you with creating a waiver letter that will improve your odds at getting the waiver you need. Just as we'll tell you why. Prepare to try sincerely or go to our expert administrations that will help you just once you require it the most. Your quality paper will be sent right to your email account. As opposed to swimming through many obscure and inconsistent locales, click on the kind of paper you need and our audits will give you a business you can trust. While we keep the minimal effort valuing strategy, it doesn't affect the uniqueness of our papers. On the off chance that you haven't got the opportunity to attempt our administrations, reach to us now and be a piece of the composing administration which completes work at efficient rates. What's in store From Writingservices? By perusing school paper composing administration audits, you get the chance to comprehend the advantages and disadvantages which gives you a more clear view which to get. In the event that you might wa nt to find out about the most reliable organizations promptly accessible, continue perusing and this top to bottom survey will give assistance. There are anyway numerous on-line applications that could be of incredible help with gathering of a paper. The better paper is, the more prominent evaluation you'll get. Your total fulfillment is our best want and we're going to remain determined to achieve that. We are set up to help you including every one of your prerequisites and desires. Be sure your total fulfillment is our best want and we'll persevere relentlessly to achieve that. An expert composing administration can have the entirety of the effect on earth. On the off chance that you're uncertain to pay an individual to make your article, investigate different features of our sites or contact our help group for any additional rules. A nursing research proposition should be persuading. Our work is to ensure that every customer is coordinated with the most proper master, and that im plies you boost our administrations. Commonly, due to the distinction of the establishment or the office, the understudy is faced with the straightforward actuality he was unable to find the material regarding the matter by extending to the employment opportunity. What Writingservices Is - and What it Is Not In truth, it was considerably less expensive than I suspected. The activity, which requires the complete enthusiasm just as a perfectly clear brain. The fact is to create your mind and ensure only one perspective. There is an astounding number of rationale games where one endeavors to demonstrate an insane idea to another person. You should give us data about exactly what the exposition requires, how soon you need this, and how much time it ought to be. In model, at our site, you can pick an exposition creator that is going to help you to finish your task. This sort of exposition doesn't necessitate that you uncover your musings about this issue. You will get your enticing artic le promptly regardless. You can be sure to depend on our help and get a specialist support as an approach to get the best outcomes ever. Occupation searchers require an elegantly composed resume and when you utilize an expert assistance to carry out the responsibility for you, the result should be an expertly composed resume. On the off chance that you request beneath, they are made by very learned experts and you may check what quality you'll get. One of the essential needs of such on-line offices is to ensure the most extreme nature of the works. It is anything but a mystery that every single task should be submitted reliably, on the off chance that you plan to discover any evaluation. U.S. residents living ceaselessly from the U.S. might be in a situation to have test charges deferred. Most understudies don't have thoughts regarding how to make a reasonable research proposition. You're not just an understudy. You don't should be worried about our specialists approaching the book you will require. As you most likely definitely know, scanning for top organizations isn't straightforward. In addition, in case you're anxious to avoid the whole creative cycle, our organization will gracefully you with offices which normally won't compel you. It can turn out to be hard when you're endeavoring to put your association out there.

What Topic Could You Write About in a State of the Science Nursing Paper?

What Topic Could You Write About in a State of the Science Nursing Paper?The topic could be anything. You may even find a local program that needs some specific articles written about the program. You can become an expert on a particular medical or surgical procedure that affects the lives of millions every day. This is not to say that you should spend all your time writing about health related issues, but you could choose to focus on one thing for a period of time and then move on to another topic.It would be wonderful to have an extensive understanding of all aspects of medicine or surgical procedures, but this is often not realistic. Still, you could write an article on what could be the history of your own medical procedure or what the patient's did during surgery. Whatever you choose to write about would be an important element of the story of the individual.Who was the person who had the procedure? What was his/her personal circumstances? Who trained him/her and why?These quest ions should not be found in every medical organization, but it might be useful to have one at least. There are instances where the person was trained in other places than the one he/she lived in, so you might want to take that into consideration.What medical facilities were involved? Was it a hospital, a clinic, or even another state? This would help when writing about the procedure itself as well as the post-operative care.There is also the issue of which the procedure was done. If it was a surgery, could the name of the doctor to be identified? If so, what type of specialty did he/she have?You could also ask about the medical facilities where the person had his/her operation. Was it local, a hospital, or maybe a state nursing facility?You may want to use these elements when composing the articles. The idea is to provide some insight about the medical subject matter. In doing so, you would get to know more about the patient or the condition of the subject.

Introductions to Essays What Does PDRR Mean in Writing an Essay

Acquaintances with Essays: What Does PDRR Mean in Writing an Essay?An prologue to an exposition, regardless of whether it's school or graduate school paper, ought to consistently incorporate a short meaning of what does PDRR implies. The objective is to get the peruser keen on what you're attempting to state before they ever move onto the substance of your essay.So what does PDRR mean? All things considered, that is actually what I need to cover today. How about we start off by responding to the topic of 'what does PDRR mean?'PPR rely on pre-distribution audit and a supervisor should check your composition. These surveys are normally a piece of the creative cycle. In case you will compose a friend evaluated scholastic paper, an editorial manager will most likely need to check your paper. In any case, with an online accommodation you don't need to stress over pre-surveys, just distribution. The editors may dismiss your paper, however they won't have the option to see all that you comp osed in light of the fact that you submitted it online.Why would a proofreader need to survey your article? For the most part a supervisor will need to peruse the paper to ensure it is elegantly composed and the focuses and data are sorted out, to check whether the exposition streams well and will be reasonable, and to ensure the article will meet the standards for publication.An PDRR alludes to a strategy utilized by scholarly diaries to survey their entries. The PI (proofreader in boss) will do this by deciding if the paper meets certain models, including on the off chance that it is lucid, convincing, and on the off chance that it will be accepted.How would you be able to utilize a prologue to a paper to clarify what PDRR implies? To enable you to comprehend what PDRR implies, a presentation should initially clarify why the editors do their pre-surveys. The editors need to ensure the paper merits distributing and that it fulfills a lot of guidelines for distribution. They need to give your article the best possible measure of time and audit to guarantee that it meets these standards.Next, clarify the particular guidelines the editors search for. You need to depict what the editors consider in your paper. Portray the substance and different parts of the paper, for example, references and references and how these were totally written with a particular goal in mind to meet these standards.With a prologue to an article to clarify what PDRR implies, you're giving the peruser the primary look into your exposition. Your perusers will be increasingly disposed to need to peruse the remainder of your paper when they perceive how efficient and organized the initial segment of your paper is.

Essay Topics For First Person

<h1>Essay Topics For First Person</h1><p>First individual article points will probably be more enthusiastically than your standard expositions, so you have to consider what you will compose and how you need to state it. The main line of the paper ought to by and large be simply the prologue to the article, since that is the place the peruser is acquainted with your point. In view of that, you may consider the accompanying ideas:</p><p></p><p>* A primary concern - Before you begin composing the remainder of the paper, you ought to have the option to rapidly sum up your central matter for the peruser. Numerous understudies don't understand that it is a smart thought to clarify their central matter before they clarify their pieces of the paper. This can be exceptionally useful for the individuals who are composing all alone, yet at the same time needs to get contribution from somebody else.</p><p></p><p>* Help your peruse r comprehend - If you can get the peruser to comprehend your point and why they should think about it, at that point you can make them care about the remainder of the paper. It is consistently essential to offer help to your understudy when they are battling, and ensure that they realize that you comprehend what they are attempting to state. An elegantly composed paper will propel them to give you their earnest attempts and give you why they should think about your exposition as well.</p><p></p><p>* A supporting point - Most of the time, the significant purpose of an article is the fundamental one. In any case, on the off chance that you have a few supporting focuses, at that point you have to tell the peruser pretty much every one of them. Some might be like the primary concern, however others will stand apart for the peruser. On the off chance that you are uncertain about this, consider giving a case of each supporting point.</p><p></p>< ;p>* An end - The end is generally excluded from the primary segment, however ought to be considered toward the finish of the exposition. The end should integrate everything for the peruser. They ought to have something to detract from the article and recollect what they read. You can incorporate a rundown of a few reasons why you accept the understudy's sentiments aren't right, or why they should think about your point as well.</p><p></p><p>There are various strategies that you can utilize when you are attempting to compose a paper for the principal individual. The way to recall is that they are more troublesome than standard expositions, so you should be arranged and comprehend what you are doing.</p><p></p><p>Whatever article points you pick, remember to consider the tone of your paper. Regardless of whether it is a first individual exposition, they can even now be more genuine than a standard one.</p>

Cyberbullying, School Bullying, And Psychological Distress

Introduction This paper is a review of the article, Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students. The article describes a research study performed to determine the prevalence of cyber and school bullying, and how it is associated with psychological distress among high school students. For the study, 20,406 nine through twelfth grade students in Massachusetts were surveyed to assess their victimization via bullying, and the psychological distress that accompanied it, which also included mental health effects like depression and suicidality. When examining the study based on the article presented, the study clearly outlined all necessary information on how the study was conducted, its purpose, as well as any procedures taken to conduct the study successfully. Title for the study The title of the study must seek to accomplish three things according to Creswell’s checklist for quantitative research evaluation. The title of the article outlines and addresses those three things effectively. The title addresses both the independent variable, which would be cyber and school bullying, and dependent variable, which would be psychological distress. The title, though not specific, does imply a relationship between the two variables. Finally, the title explicitly mentions the participants and the site used to conduct the study, which are students in a high school setting. Problem Statement When examining the study’sShow MoreRelatedCyber Cyberbullying : Confronting Cyber Bullying Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: Cyber Bullying: Confronting Cyber Bullying Introduction Cyberbullying is bullying which occurs via utilization of electronic technology; electronic technology incorporates apparatuses and paraphernalia for instance cellular phones, computers, and tablets in addition to communication instruments which embrace social broadcasting sites, text messages, chat, and websites. 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When a state legislature passes a criminal law in order to dissuade studentsRead MoreThe Cyberbullying Epidemic Essay930 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying has always affected teens and children in some form or another, but in modern times, with the advent of the internet and social networking, we have the first generations of young people facing a much more insidious assailment: cyberbullying. It is one much stronger than what traditional bullying once was, and poses problems of greater magnitude. For victims, this fairly new entity of social aggression has them facing substantially greater intimidation and emotion al harm. Several issuesRead MoreAdolescent Bullying Using A Liquid, Best Policy Practice Approach Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesReassessing Adolescent Bullying Using a Liquid, Best Policy Practice Approach Bullying is defined as the prolonged malicious act of harming peers by abusing their own--or an existing imbalance of--power, and has become one of the most common sources of trauma among adolescents. One report shows that one of three children were victims of bullying during some point in their life, and that 10-14% of all adolescents were victims of chronic bullying for at least six months prior to conducting the surveyRead MoreCyberbullying: The New Form Of Bullying. When Sending Our1661 Words   |  7 PagesCyberbullying: The New Form of Bullying When sending our children to school we expect them to be able to learn without distractions, but bullying makes that impossible. Bullying has been recognized as a problem for school children globally. In fact, school bullying has proven to be a risk factor for suicide, which has been identified as one of the top causes of death among teens (Erick Messias, 2014). Now that bullying and its importance has been acknowledged as a critical concern, several prevention

Rory Writes College Essay on Her Mom

<h1>Rory Writes College Essay on Her Mom</h1><p>If you are thinking about composing an article for school, one of the most well known paper points is Rory composing school exposition on her mother. You've just observed a wide range of adaptations of this theme; most understudies have attempted to compose it. The explanation this is a well known school article point is on the grounds that it depends on somebody's very own involvement in something. For instance, in Rory's article, she tells how her mom raised her and how she used to hear her out mother to reveal to her accounts, however she can't recall which ones those were.</p><p></p><p>Rory has been battling with this issue since her mom never needs to discuss them any longer. At the point when they talk, it is typically about an occasion or errand that has happened as of late. It turns into a disappointing piece of her day by day life and she misses hearing her mother say them.</p>< ;p></p><p>Rory's mom, then again, appears to cherish the accounts she tells. She needs to discuss the accounts so much that she can't get them off of her mind. Rory has consistently felt like her mother cherished her as a youngster, yet now she doesn't have the foggiest idea what to do.</p><p></p><p>This is by all accounts an issue that everybody encounters with their folks sooner or later in their lives. Perhaps this is the reason youngsters are recounted stories when they are youthful and they can't quit discussing them. Rory believes that perhaps on the off chance that she could utilize her mom's encounters to assist her with her school essay.</p><p></p><p>Rory realizes that keeping in touch with her article won't be simple. She may have composed an extraordinary prologue to her school paper point, yet it despite everything may not be very elegantly composed. She wouldn't like to show that she is deficient with regard s to any composing aptitudes, so she has been pondering what to remember for her school exposition. She has likewise been considering how she can assist her mother with remembering her story and she has various thoughts she needs to impart to her mom.</p><p></p><p>Rory realizes that she can't cause her mother to overlook her accounts, yet she can assist her with getting them off of her mind and onto paper. She needs to continue revealing to her mother about her accounts since she realizes she will consistently cherish her mom. Rory has just idea about how she can enable her mother to get to her stories.</p><p></p><p>Rory has likewise been contemplating what to state in her article that will enable her mother to see the amount she adores her. She understands that the best thing that she can do is discussion about how her mother is essential to her and how she trusts that they can keep on talking. Truth be told, she realizes that she can attempt to make it as an ordinary school paper point and make her mother recalls every last bit of her stories.</p>

What Are They?

<h1>What Are They?</h1><p>College administrations allude to any kind of office, instructive projects, instructive assets or anything identified with advanced education, from the straightforward associate or mentoring to nearby lodging and sports. They can be as a private organization, a school, a college or a congregation school, however they are for the most part in some type of government school. This is the reason they are regularly alluded to as school services.</p><p></p><p>These different universities give distinctive school administrations. A portion of the schools offer similar administrations that customary colleges do while others offer a more extensive scope of services.</p><p></p><p>There are a few classifications of school benefits that are offered by universities. One model is coaching. This could be through training English to outsiders or language courses, however it could likewise incorporate mentoring in perusing, composing and science. Coaching in language courses could be offered by a language school where understudies can learn English at their own pace.</p><p></p><p>Other normal instances of classes and class exercises are chipping away at a games group or other gathering ventures. There might be sports groups, clubs or co-ed athletic occasions. These could include understudies figuring out how to partake and contend in these activities.</p><p></p><p>Another sort of administration that is offered by the school is the living plans for understudies. They could be living with at least one relatives or with a quarters. It could be near grounds or a couple of miles away or it could be in another city or state.</p><p></p><p>Another sort of school administration is PC based learning. For instance, understudies could concentrate in class, on the web, through the web or over a compact PC. Different administration s may incorporate separation learning or online learning.</p><p></p><p>A third kind of school administration is customary school. These could be physical universities like a neighborhood school, the secondary school, an online college or an aesthetic sciences school. These universities frequently offer indistinguishable administrations from the school administrations. The thing that matters is standing out they work and the things they offer to their students.</p><p></p><p>College administrations are normally accessible for all understudies who can join in. They might be situated nearby or simply be in the region where the understudy lives. Numerous individuals imagine that school administrations are just for understudies who live off campus.</p>

Essay Topics

<h1>Essay Topics</h1><p>Are you a secondary school understudy attempting to intrigue a school confirmations official? Or on the other hand maybe, are you a parent or educator with a proposal for school article topics?</p><p></p><p>Although the school application paper is a genuinely basic report to compose, it is imperative that understudies peruse and see the entirety of their school application themes. With such a significant number of them and with every one of them being vigorously affected by the data contained inside different, understudies must be sure of their arrangement in their subject and of the data that are contained inside. Therefore, this article furnishes you with a portion of the more significant school application paper points for your school essays.</p><p></p><p>The first topic that understudies should investigate in regards to school applications is rivalry. All things considered, you will be appro ached to compose on a test from your zone of study and there will be a huge spotlight on the author's exhibition. There are a couple of things that must be thought about rivalry inside your zone of study. To begin with, most of universities and colleges to offer you an opportunity to go up against your friends with regards to being admitted.</p><p></p><p>Whether this implies you need to expound on your contending schools or you need to go up against a solitary school's exposition, you ought to consistently recall that the more rivalry that is included, the higher the nature of the articles. Second, there is probably going to be a ton of rivalry for occupations at schools. There is even rivalry for workforce positions. This opposition is just going to build the more serious it becomes.</p><p></p><p>Finally, one of the most significant pieces of your school application is probably going to be the exposition. Be certain that you cautiousl y assess the entirety of the territories of your capacity and if there is any work that you feel is deficient with regards to, you should address that issue. In the event that you believe that you can add more to your exposition, at that point feel free to do as such. In any case, know that when you do this, it will in all probability be seen as an endeavor to 'trap' the affirmations officer.</p><p></p><p>College application exposition points can be separated into a wide range of types. A few models incorporate proposition, history, paper and research. Each of these can be utilized as a region to develop to assist you with pondering how you compose and what you can enhance. In any case, be certain that you abstain from utilizing a similar word or expression over and over again inside your theme or your papers will show up rushed.</p><p></p><p>These are the absolute most regular school application article subjects that understudies freq uently run over. Understudies ought to make certain to acquaint themselves with every one of them so as to boost their odds of accomplishment. Try not to permit any of these regular school application exposition subjects to keep you down, make certain to get a great deal of work on utilizing them to dazzle the school affirmations officer!</p>

Intitlefree Commentary Essay Samples

Intitlefree Commentary Essay SamplesIntitleFree Commentary Essay samples can make your essays look like the best. In fact, there are many instances that the editorial style of the essay is the reason why it turns out to be very popular among the readers.You will have to do your own research before you rush into a writing your own essay. It is important to understand that not every essay is in need of its own title. The number of titles can vary depending on the topic of the essay and the context that need to be discussed.The main reason why the intitlefree comments essay is widely used is because of the ease in which it is read. The title becomes important in order to establish the tone of the essay. When the editor wants to spell out the conclusion of the essay, he or she uses the title free commentaries.For instance, if you wish to establish the nature of the relationship between two people, then you will need to use an intitlefree commentary. Using this technique, you will be able to make the reader understand that your essay does not support one party attacking the other. Also, in order to emphasize a particular point, it is necessary to use the title-free commentary. Therefore, if you want to highlight some of the key points of your essay, you can use intitle free commentaries.Even if you use intitle free essays to build a relationship between two people, you need to be careful because it can easily turn your essay into one that supports the other party. Therefore, you need to establish a certain level of trust among the readers. If you do not succeed in establishing the level of trust, then you may be in trouble.The thing that you should keep in mind is that you should have the skill to write an essay in an authentic manner. You need to avoid doing things that will damage your credibility. Instead, you should concentrate on trying to make your sentences as short as possible.If you are unable to write an essay that is free from errors and grammatical error s, then you should opt for intitle free commentary. You should give the reader a hint as to how the essay should be written. Otherwise, they may end up viewing your work as a forgery.Intitlefree commentary essay samples have gained popularity in recent times due to their overall impact on the modern essay writing. It has given the writers a good platform to construct a style of essay that will attract the attention of the readers.

Online Notecards For Research Paper - What To Look For

<h1>Online Notecards For Research Paper - What To Look For</h1><p>Online notecards for investigate paper are significant for understudies everything being equal. They can be utilized to write down thoughts or just to have some good times with a gathering of individuals. They can even be utilized to help in retention for tests. Along these lines, they can be one of the most valuable apparatuses that any understudy has.</p><p></p><p>Using notecards for investigate paper is an incredible method to arrange a paper. It is quick and simple to utilize, making it a decent method to get sorted out and do what should be done rapidly. The capacity to utilize online notecards implies that regardless of where you will be, you can utilize the gadget to rapidly write down thoughts and prepare for composing. You can utilize them as a filler and placeholders between different sorts of archives that you might need to compose. For instance, in the event that yo u are investigating the American Indian culture, you might need to record the principal draft of your essay.</p><p></p><p>One of the upsides of utilizing on the web notecards for explore paper is that they can be printed out to peruse later. Since you have a decent advanced memory that will be a lot quicker than a paper journal, you will have the option to peruse your notes when you need, as opposed to holding up until the following day. Likewise, on the off chance that you are attempting to recollect something for a test, you will have the option to peruse your notes and review the data for you as well.</p><p></p><p>Online notecards for look into paper can likewise be utilized to show different understudies different themes. Since they are composed with computerized marks, they will consistently be consistent with the source you are taking a gander at them from. This implies they will be simpler to discover and that you will have the option to survey them later and gain from them as well.</p><p></p><p>When you look for online notecardsfor examine paper, there are a few alternatives accessible to you. They can be printed off from online locales. At that point you can either take them with you to your PC and print them out or read them on your PC screen. Numerous destinations offer the alternative of PDF records with the goal that you can download them to your PC and afterward print them off. You will at that point have the option to take the printouts anyplace and see them as well.</p><p></p><p>Once you find online notecards for examine paper that you like, you can print them off from your PC and afterward store them on your PC. You would then be able to get to them when you need and have the option to utilize them later on. In the event that you aren't exactly prepared to settle on a choice on a webpage yet, you can utilize an online registry to assist you with fin ding the best site to do your exploration on.</p><p></p><p>With online notecards for inquire about paper, you have numerous alternatives that can make your life simpler. You can without much of a stretch take them with you to class and study when you have to or you can peruse them on your PC at whatever point you want to do as such. You can store them on the web, keep them safe and discover an assortment of spots to print them out.</p><p></p><p>With online notecards for examine paper, you have such huge numbers of alternatives accessible to you. You can print them off and keep them on your PC, or you can spare them and access them at whatever point you need. You can get to your notes in a flash or even download them to peruse later as long as you have web access.</p>

How To Use Revolution Essay Samples To Study Well

<h1>How To Use Revolution Essay Samples To Study Well</h1><p>The online American Revolution paper tests are so famous as a result of the effortlessness and common sense of the assignments that they give. It is such an incredible method to learn language structure and jargon abilities for history. There are additionally articles which follow different subjects and points. The best part about it is that the substance is accessible free and it is anything but difficult to follow.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to learning English articles, you ought to have some assistance from a specialist. This is the reason the paper test is very useful. There are huge amounts of directions that can be followed. These guidelines are straightforward and can be trailed by any understudy. You can likewise utilize the assistance of an English class when you are setting up your essays.</p><p></p><p>Even however the example has been without give n of cost, you despite everything need to buy the exercise plan on the off chance that you need to keep contemplating them. The exercises incorporate perusing a content, composing an exposition, investigating a scene and substantially more. You should purchase the exercise plan before you will have the option to concentrate from the example. In the event that you don't do this, you won't have the option to get the best out of the materials that are remembered for the lessons.</p><p></p><p>Some of the online exposition tests are acceptable and instructive while others are most certainly not. The reasons that lead to this might be the consideration of punctuation, jargon and certain themes in the exercise plans. The way that these themes are not clarified plainly will make it hard for an understudy to pick up information. It is a smart thought to survey the exercises at any rate once every couple of weeks so as to stay aware of your investigations. This is on t he grounds that you will have the option to commit any errors that may happen over the span of time.</p><p></p><p>You don't need to go through cash just to utilize the material that is free. Regardless of whether you go through some cash, you will in any case get the best guidance. The materials will assist you with learning more as time passes by. It is significant that you mind the nature of the materials that you are using.</p><p></p><p>Many individuals attempt to compose and peruse when they are composing and perusing. The essayist and the peruser should be both mindful of what the other individual is thinking. The simplest method to recall and comprehend this is to peruse the example. This will assist you with recognizing your own feelings and point out the subject of the subject being talked about. It is an incredible method to find out about the subject and ideas.</p><p></p><p>Online articles can be an ex traordinary method to get familiar with subjects. It encourages you gain information and causes you compose better papers. Try not to burn through your time on the free stuff since it won't assist you with understanding the thoughts and points that you are being taught.</p>

Essay Writing About a Movie in an Essay

<h1>Essay Writing About a Movie in an Essay</h1><p>Writing about a film in an article is perhaps the most established stunt in the book. At the point when you are taking a shot at your piece, you may here and there wonder about what can be expounded on a film. It is conceivable to remember some basic examination for your exposition about a film in a paper, and for some article subjects, the article will work better on the off chance that you likewise incorporate a film survey. The advantage of a film audit is that it will remember examinations of the film to different movies for the class, just as perceptions on the film as a whole.</p><p></p><p>You may inquire as to why you would need to do this in your survey. Numerous individuals like to peruse audits when they are choosing whether or not to purchase a specific film. In the event that you need to assist them with settling on that choice, it bodes well to offer them an increasingly target i nput. By giving them an audit dependent on your own perspectives, you can diminish any odds of a watcher being befuddled or killed by what they have been watching.</p><p></p><p>An exposition about a film is a basic thing to compose, particularly if the film is mainstream. The most effortless approach to make a helpful paper about a film is to consider the sort of film that you like. In the event that you like to watch a specific sort of film, at that point it will be simpler for you to expound on it since you will have the option to utilize similar sorts of subtleties to make comparisons.</p><p></p><p>Some kinds of movies require uncommon words to depict them. You may need to incorporate words like 'serious'comedy' in your exposition about a film. For a comedic film, you may decide to expound on the various types of amusingness in the film. Since there are such a large number of various sorts of parody, you will have the option to audi t them more effectively than if you somehow happened to survey a drama.</p><p></p><p>Essay expounding on a film is best finished with a plot outline. By telling the perusers precisely what the film is about and what the fundamental characters are going to do, you can improve the enthusiasm for the peruser. This will make the paper simpler to peruse for the individuals who are figuring out how to expound on a film in an exposition. A decent plot rundown will be your first point to get them inspired by what you are attempting to say.</p><p></p><p>You will be bound to comprehend why somebody may pick a specific film on the off chance that you take a gander at the different styles of motion pictures that they like. Consider what the plot is about and what the characters resemble from an author's point of view. You will have the option to apply that to the film that you are attempting to expound on in your essay.</p><p></p> ;<p>Essay expounding on a film ought to never incorporate an excessive amount of insight regarding what the film is about. You will need to keep the paper basic and to the point. You can utilize phrases like 'in this article, I am going to discuss a specific film' to keep the paper's stream smooth.</p><p></p><p>Whether you expound on a film in an exposition, or on the off chance that you choose to remember a survey for the article, it is in every case better to be clear about what you are attempting to state. Regardless of whether you can't give a film survey, in any event notice the fundamental character in the film. All things considered, we will have the option to recollect the most significant parts of the film in the event that we are discussing it in a paper, and the most ideal approach to do that is to disclose to us who the principle character is.</p>

Most Noticeable Extended Essay Samples Business and Management

<h1> Most Noticeable Extended Essay Samples Business and Management </h1> <p>Each and each passage of the human body ought to relate (in an extraordinarily evident way) to the exploration question. Whenever you work out a model, it's fundamental for you to find an approach to check its exactness. There are specific normal things that point to the bore and estimation of the articles. The following 4 tests will permit you to be sure your RQ is first rate. </p> <p>Moreover, change the executives is an enormous need in this area. There will be various requests made upon your time and you should have the ability to organize it successfully. Hierarchical culture is a huge angle in any organization. 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The Development of Kaspar Hauser Edition and Use of Language

The Development of Kaspar Hauser: Edition and Use of Language Introduction ============ Mankind has always been infatuated by people who are orphans, refugee children whose parents have died. There is an interest in people who don’t have parents, how do they become a member of society? What language would they speak? Kaspar Hauser was an enigma. Where did he come from? Why was he killed? He received attention from Napoleon, emperors speculated about him and countless books have been written about him. This thesis will be looking at his development, social developments, and mental developments. It will touch on his identity. The main focal point will be how he acquires language, and how it†¦show more content†¦This boy was left in my house the 7th day of October, 1812 and I am myself a poor day-labourer, who have also ten children, and have enough to do to maintain my own family†¦ since 1812 I have never suffered him to take a single step out of my house† His physical and mental attributes when he was found ==================================================== Kaspar did not know how to use his fingers. He walked as an infant only in the process of learning. He walked by placing both the ball and the heel of the foot down at the same time. He had an abnormality of the bone structure of the knee as if the knee had never been bent. He hated meat and alcohol, preferring bread water. He referred to people as â€Å"bua† and animals ass â€Å"ross† – a word meaning, â€Å"horse†. He paid no attention to chiming bells at first, but eventually began to notice their sound. He was, therefore capable of speech, but it was mainly incoherent. He was able to tell the mayor that he had lived in a cell in Nuremberg all his life and he did not know if it had been day or night. When he awoke, he would find water and bread, sometimes the water had a bad taste so he would sleep for long periods of time. Kaspar had acquired some language, but nit in a voluntary, interactive way, what he could say had obviously been drummed into h im. He repeatedly said â€Å"Ein Reiter willShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Using Topics to Write About in an Interpretive Essay

Using Topics to Write About in an Interpretive EssayWhen you need to compose a topic for an interpretive essay, you will want to get a good foundation of topics to write about. You will want to make sure that the topics that you choose are relevant to the topic that you are writing about and also can be used by others who are writing on the same topic. The following are some of the topics to write about:* History: This is one of the most common topics to write about when composing an interpretive essay. Many people tend to lean towards learning about specific dates and events in history. However, some of the great things about history is that it can teach students many lessons such as the constant development of knowledge and understanding.* People: It is great to be able to understand other people's perspectives. It is easier to gain perspective when one understands the other person's ideas and philosophy.* Things: Any interpretive essay should be able to give readers a reason to re ad on. However, if a writer chooses topics that do not allow the reader to continue, the article will soon lose its meaning. Good examples of this include; violence, death, pregnancy, politics, and many more topics.* Discussion: Any number of things can be discussed, but you should always be able to touch on a topic that gives readers a reason to continue the discussion. Topics to write about should always have the ability to draw readers in to read on and understand more.* Facts: This is another topic that allows for the comparison of different things in order to learn more about the topic. Some of the examples of facts are: weather, nature, animals, etc.* A useful example: One of the best ways to go about coming up with a topic for an interpretive essay is to come up with a question. In this way, it will be easier to understand what the answers should be for the topic and also, the whole process will be much easier to comprehend.Creating a topic for an interpretive essay can be ea sy when done properly. It is also very important to get your topics written correctly so that you will be able to provide valuable information to readers who are reading. For many writers, a great way to learn is to put an article together that is completely different from the kind of articles they normally write.

Classification Division Essay Topics

Classification Division Essay TopicsClassification Division Essay Topics are frequently required as part of the college admission and advanced placement (AP) courses. For this purpose, you should first know the guidelines on submitting an essay topic.Though it may sound like an inconvenience, but we have found it to be quite useful for us in understanding what is really needed and how to find the appropriate essay topics for each class we want to apply to. These suggestions are mostly derived from our experience so far.You will find that most colleges don't usually accept essay topics which are too generic. This is because they will not be able to gauge your ability as a writer. If you are looking to reach the college admission level, it would be best to choose topics that are unique and challenging.For students with diverse interests, try to choose a different subject matter and write essays on more than one. It will help you explore all aspects of your interests. You will find that writing about a particular subject is boring to read. What better way to keep yourself entertained while learning something new than by reading through it?You can even ask the advisor or faculty members to suggest some more challenging essay topics for you. Don't feel obligated to write a lot of essays, as you will not necessarily need to.If you find that some of the essay topics seem to be too tough for you, then try to read through some other subjects for a bit. You might like the idea and see if you can make it work out for you. That is the right way to go about it.When you choose the challenging topics, remember that you will need to engage the reader. In this way, you will be able to persuade them to think about the topic and to explore it from a different perspective.

Scm in Petroleum Industry Free Essays

string(40) " is the specialty of the oil companies\." International Journal of Global Logistics Supply Chain Management. Vol. 1, No. We will write a custom essay sample on Scm in Petroleum Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2, 1 November 2006, 90 – 97. Supply Chain Management in the Petroleum Industry: Challenges and Opportunities RAED HUSSAIN Department of Quantitative Methods Information Systems, Kuwait University, Kuwait TIRAVAT ASSAVAPOKEE Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, U. S. A. BASHEER KHUMAWALA Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, U. S. A. Supply chain management in the petroleum industry contains various challenges, specifically in the logistics area, that are not present in most other industries. These logistical challenges are a major influence on the cost of oil and its derivatives. However, opportunities for cost savings in logistics still do exist. Giant oil and petrochemical companies are undertaking a â€Å"swap† practice that saves companies millions of dollars. The objective of this paper is to shed some light on the supply chain challenges and opportunities in the petroleum industry and on swap practices that have long been employed by petroleum industry’s giants around the world, such as BP, BASF, Honeywell, Nova, and much more, yet have long been ignored in the operations management literature. Keywords: Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Petroleum Industry, The Swap Practice 1. Introduction The steadily increasing global demand for oil and its derivatives such as petrochemicals has enabled companies providing these products to reach more customers and increase their market share and profitability. This boom in global demand along with the ease of international trade and the inflexibility1 involved in the petroleum industry’s supply chain has made its management more complex and more challenging (Coia, 1999; Morton, 2003). Despite the importance of supply chain management and its growing complexity, the petroleum industry is still in the development stage of efficiently managing their supply chains. In fact, according to Steve Welsh, a managing director of the College of Petroleum and Energy Studies at the University of Oxford, the oil and petrochemical industry’s insight into the supply chain is still in its infancy (Schwartz, 2000). However, even with the inflexibility and complexity involved in the industry’s supply chain, there is a lot of room for improvement and cost reduction, specifically in its logistics area. Werner Paratorius, president of BASF’s petrochemicals division said â€Å"Supply chain management is the backbone of a business where logistics costs can be greater than manufacturing costs† (Whitfield, 2004, p. R12). By the end of 2004, world-wide demand for oil reached 75 million barrels per day and has been projected to increase at a rate of 2 percent per year over the next ten years. For example, China’s demand for energy alone is expected to grow at a rate of 4. 5 percent per year for the next five years and reach four million barrels by 2010. However, due to recent political unrest in the Middle East, which is the largest oil producing region, sustainable oil supply has become highly unpredictable. Oil and petrochemicals companies are forced to maintain higher safety stocks and search for alternative sources of supplies (Ikram, 2004). Inflexibility in the supply chain is the constraints involved along the chain, such as long lead-times, manufacturing capacity, and limited means of transportation, that are hard to change. 1 Commodities such as oil, gas, and petrochemicals require specific modes of transportation such as pipelines, vessels or tankers, and railroads. These commodities are produced in specific and limited regions of the world, yet they are demanded all over the globe since they represent an essential source of energy and raw material for a large number of other industries. Several weeks lead-time from the shipping point to the final customers’ location is very common in this type of industry. For example, it takes five weeks for the Persian Gulf’s oil to make its way to the United States and up to another three weeks for it to be processed and delivered (Schwartz, 2000). Opening new production sites or distribution centers closer to dispersed customers is one way to reduce the lead time and transportation costs. However, the acquisition of such facilities in the oil and petrochemical industries, if feasible, is typically very costly and often results in higher inventory and operating costs (Hebert, 2004). Red Cavaney, president of the American Petroleum Institute, said â€Å"Most companies are unlikely to undertake the significant investment needed to even begin the process† (Hebert, 2004) These factors are pushing oil and petrochemicals companies to either absorb the increase in costs or pass the costs on to customers who are already facing increasing prices. Companies therefore have recognized that improved supply chain efficiencies represent a huge area for cost savings, specifically in the logistics area; they are estimated to be an average between 10 and 20 percent of revenues (Hamilton, 2003). Also, companies believe that the supply chain in which they participate as customers and suppliers is what creates competition rather than individual companies (Whitfield, 2004; Lange, 2004; Morton, 2003; Bianchi, 2003; Collins, 1999; Coia, 1999). Despite the importance of the petroleum industry in our daily life and the operational challenges it involves, unfortunately the topic has received very little attention in operations and supply chain management literature. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to shed some light on challenges and opportunities in the petroleum industry’s supply chain management. Our discussion will focus on a practice that has been saving companies millions of dollars but has long escaped the attention it deserves from academia. The practice is referred to as systematic cooperative reciprocal barter (also called â€Å"swaps†) (Haberman, 2002). 2. Supply Chain Management in the Petroleum Industry Before getting into any further discussion of supply chain management in the petroleum industry, it is important to first clarify the industry background and its production process. A brief explanation is available in the appendix. The supply chain of the petroleum industry is extremely complex compared to other industries. It is divided into two different, yet closely related, major segments: the upstream and downstream supply chains. The upstream supply chain involves the acquisition of crude oil, which is the specialty of the oil companies. You read "Scm in Petroleum Industry" in category "Papers" The upstream process includes the exploration, forecasting, production, and logistics management of delivering crude oil from remotely located oil wells to refineries. The downstream supply chain starts at the refinery, where the crude oil is manufactured into the consumable products that are the specialty of refineries and petrochemical companies. The downstream supply chain involves the process of forecasting, production, and the logistics management of delivering the crude oil derivatives to customers around the globe. Challenges and opportunities exist now in both the upstream and downstream supply chains. 3. Challenges in the Supply Chain 3. 1. Logistical Challenges The logistics network in the petroleum industry is highly inflexible, which arises from the production capabilities of crude oil suppliers, long transportation lead times, and the limitations of modes of transportation. Every point in the network, therefore, represents a major challenge (Jenkins and Wright. 1998). The oil and petrochemical industries are global in nature. As a result, these commodities and products are transferred between locations that are—in many cases—continents apart. The long distance between supply chain partners and slow modes of transportation induce not only high transportation costs and in-transit inventory, but also high inventory carrying costs in terms of safety stocks at the final customer location. The great distances between supply chain partners present a high variability of transportation times that can hurt suppliers in terms of service levels and final customers in terms of safety stock costs. Moreover, the transportation process is carried out either by ships, trucks, pipelines, or railroads. In many instances, a shipment has to exploit multiple transportation modes before reaching the final customer’s location. â€Å"Very few industries 91 deal with that kind of complexity in shipping,† said Doug Houseman, a senior manager at the consulting firm Accenture (Morton, 2003, p. 1). Such constraints on transportation modes in this type of industry induce long lead times from the shipping point to the final customers’ location compared to other industries. Hence, considering the amount of inflexibility involved, meeting the broadening prospect of oil demand and its derivates while maintaining high service-levels and efficiency is a major challenge in the pe troleum industry. 3. 2. Other Challenges The logistics function is only one of many areas that affect supply chain performance in the petroleum industry. Integrated process management, information systems and information sharing, organizational restructuring, and cultural reorientation are as equally important (Ikram, 2004). The need for integrated processes all the way from procurement of raw materials to the delivery of the final product is crucial for a company’s success. â€Å"Manufacturing efficiency alone does not ensure a competitive advantage anymore,† said Paratorius, president of BASF’s petrochemicals division (Whitfield, 2004, p. R12). The industry lags behind in using integrated planning across the supply chain. This type of disintegration in the supply chain can increase the cost of acquiring crude oil, which will eventually affect gas prices for consumers (Coia, 1999). Also, due to the globalization of the petroleum industry supply chain, sophisticated information technology is essential for smooth information flow considering the complexity of the logistics network in such an industry. Companies’ relationships in supply chain networks are directly related to the effective use of information technology (Guimaraes, Cook, and Natarajan, 2002). A data flow diagram (DFD) was developed by Hull in 2001 to improve supply chain information flow reliability of the Alaskan North Slope Oil supply chain. The study showed that using the DFD helped to realize the importance of the relationship between scheduling and dispatching (synchronization). By using the DFD to examine the information flow, overall supply chain efficiency was improved and distortion,2 which is greatly related to supply chain structure, was greatly reduced. Moreover, the generic DFD developed offers a template for modeling any supply chain or logistics activity, whether it is a push, pull, or a hybrid push/pull system (Hull, 2001). Sophisticated information technology is also essential for petroleum industries due to security needs. Petroleum companies ship a great deal of hazardous products, and supply chain partners (suppliers and customers) must be aware of the locations of each shipment at any point in time. According to Houseman at Accenture, chemical companies are considering wireless technology to track their shipments (Morton, 2003). Another challenge in the petroleum industry supply chain is the attitude and anxiety regarding collaboration and information sharing between supply chain partners. While collaboration and information sharing represent a crucial factor for supply chain efficiency, â€Å"companies in the petroleum industry are sometimes cautious when it comes to sharing their demand/costs information,† said Salah Al-Kharraz, a supply chain director at Equate Petrochemicals (Personal Communication, 23 December 2004). This type of parsimony regarding collaboration and sharing demand/costs information can waste opportunities for costs saving. Improved supply chain efficiency in the petroleum industry, therefore, needs a new philosophy in collaboration, even if this means working with competitors. â€Å"Collaboration, information sharing, and asset optimization require the greatest mind change because chemical producers and LSPs would have to work with their competitors, as well as with other operators in the supply chain,† said Phil Browitt, CEO of AGILITY, a logistics firm (Young, 2005, p. 10). The acquisition of sophisticated information technology, although necessary, can only do so much if it is not supported by a cultural change. The next section will discuss an opportunity, specifically a practice that has been saving companies millions of dollars in the petroleum industry’s supply chain, yet has not received the attention it deserves in academia. 4. Opportunities in the Supply Chain and Swap Practices In an effort to manage their supply chain and reduce costs, oil and petrochemical companies are outsourcing3 their logistics4 functions. As the trend in outsourcing has grown, these companies have become increasingly Distortion in Hull’s paper is the â€Å"bullwhip effect† established by the well-known beer game developed by Sterman (1989) and Senge (1990). 3 Outsourcing takes place when an organization transfers the ownership of a business process to a supplier. 92 2 reliant on the services of third-party5 logistics companies for managing their supply chains (Collins, 1999). Companies in the petroleum industry, however, took the outsourcing idea one step further and found that one way of outsourcing their logistics functions is to ally and collaborate with competitors. This form of collaboration is referred to as a systematic cooperative reciprocal barter (also called â€Å"swaps† or â€Å"exchanges†) of supplies, assets, market share, or even the entire business among competitors (O’Dwyer, 1988; Robert, 1995; Gain, 1997; Alperowicz, 2001; Sim, 2002). However, despite the significant advantages this practice has generated for companies, a defined model for making such decisions does not exist. The subject has barely received any attention in the operations management literature. Currently, no specific method has been adopted to determine when companies should attempt to make swap decisions. An interview with supply chain directors in two international petrochemical companies that have been involved in swapping with their competitors for the past few years revealed that the only methods used are judgmental6 methods and spreadsheets. Although judgmental approaches may improve accuracy in many decision-making problems, they should not be the only methods employed. The use of only such approaches cannot guarantee an optimal solution. 4. 1. The Swap Practice In a commodity-type industry such as oil and petrochemicals, the source of the commodity is often of no interest to the final customer as long as the commodity adheres to its required specifications and the delivery of that commodity is made by the promised due date. Therefore, competing oil and petrochemical companies form supply chain alliances when delivering commodities to customers in order to reduce transportation and inventory costs and improve customer service. In return, cost savings for transportation in the overall supply chain are shared among participating companies. This form of collaboration is referred to as shipment swapping. This kind of collaboration with competitors creates a shared solution to common supply chain obstacles and is predicted to be the â€Å"Next Big Thing† (Morton, 2003). The swapping technique is currently applied by oil and petrochemical companies around the world in all of its different forms: asset swapping, business swapping, and shipment swapping. However, because of the absence of any general analytical discussion of swap practices in the literature, we first provide examples from the oil and petrochemicals industry for each form of swap practice being used. This is done to illustrate the advantages of collaboration among competitors. Due to brevity, only the more recent examples of such practices are discussed here. 4. 2. Asset Swapping In 2001, BP became the largest olefins producer in Germany after an asset swap with E. ON, a German utility company. Following the deal, BP took over Veba Oel, E. ON’s oil, refining, and petrochemicals business, and E. ON bought BP’s 25 percent stake in Ruhrgas, Germany’s largest gas distributor. The deal gave BP 2. 1 million tons of ethylene7 capacity in Germany, which is about 40 percent of the country’s total, and ave E. ON control of one of the largest gas distribution networks in Germany (Milmo, 2001). In 2003, BASF, a leading German chemical company, and Honeywell signed a long-term deal under which BASF will supply Honeywell with nylon chips and Honeywell will supply BASF with specialty nylon and nylon co-polymers8. Since Honeywell has a strong presence in electrical an d tooling applications and BASF is strong in the automotive sector, the deal has benefited both companies in their business specialties. For example, in 2003 the deal raised BASF’s market share in nylon from 9 percent to 35 percent and gave Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of raw material, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption to conform to customer requirements (Council of Logistics Management, 1998, p. 2). 5 Third-party logistics is the use of an outside company to perform all or part of the firm’s materials management and product distribution function. 6 A judgmental method is the use of people’s opinions when making decisions. 7 Ethylene is a colorless gas at room temperature. At very low temperatures, it is a liquid. It is used as a refrigerant and in welding and cutting metals. It is also used to manufacture ethylene oxide, mustard gas, and other organics and to accelerate the ripening of fruits. 8 When a polymer chain-like molecule is made by linking only one type of small molecule together, it is called a homopolymer. When two different types of molecules are joined in the same polymer chain, it is called a co-polymer. 93 4 Honeywell the chance to concentrate on carpet, apparel, and fabrics for automotive upholstery. Honeywell plans to eventually sell the nylon business (Sim, 2003). More recently, the Kuwait Petroleum Company (KPC) and the Iraqi Oil Institute (SOMO) signed a comprehensive memorandum of understanding related to exchanges of shipments of Kuwaiti benzene and diesel with Iraqi natural gas. The swap will be implemented in two phases. Thirty-five million cubic feet of Iraqi natural gas will be supplied daily to Kuwait for about one year at an estimated cost of U. S. $24 million during the first phase. Then, 165 million cubic feet of natural gas will be supplied daily to Kuwait for about two years at an estimated cost of U. S. 700 million dollars during the second phase. Meanwhile, Kuwait will supply Iraq with oil derivatives, benzene, and diesel, ranging from two to three million liters of benzene and 1. 3 to 1. 5 million liters of diesel daily (Alshalan, 2004). The outcome of this agreement is expected to significantly benefit both countries. Kuwait produces a relatively modest volume of natural gas (around 293 billion cubic feet––Bcfâ €“–in 2002), the vast majority of which is â€Å"associated gas. †9 Prior to the 1990-1991 Gulf War, Kuwait received significant volumes of natural gas from Iraq. The gas came from Iraq’s southern Rumaila field through a 40-inch, 100-mile, 300 Mmcf/d pipeline to Kuwait’s central manifold at Ahmadi. The gas was used for the production of petrochemicals, electricity, and water through desalination processes. With such uses of natural gas, the Kuwaiti-Iraqi swapping deal could free up a substantial amount of oil to Kuwait, possibly 100,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) for export by 2006, which is presently used for similar purposes. For example, 65,000 bbl/d of fuel oil is currently used to generate electric power in Kuwait. Throughout most of the 1990s, Iraq generally did not have access to the latest state-of-the-art oil industry technology. Saybolt International reported that Iraq oil companies, NOC and SOC, were able to increase their oil production through the use of short-term techniques not generally considered acceptable in the oil industry (i. e. , â€Å"water flooding,† the injection of refined oil products into crude reservoirs). In addition, a U. N. report in June 2001 stated that Iraqi oil production capacity would fall sharply unless technical and infrastructure problems were addressed. Moreover, Iraq’s southern oil industry was decimated in the 1990-1991 Gulf War, with production capacity falling to 75,000 bbl/d in mid-1991. The Gulf War resulted in the destruction of (a) gathering centers and compression/degassing stations at Rumaila; (b) storage facilities, including the 1. 6 million bbl/d (nameplate capacity) Mina al-Bakr/Basra export terminal; and (c) pumping stations along the 1. 4 million bbl/d (pre-war capacity) Iraqi Strategic (North-South) Pipeline. Seven other sizable fields remain damaged or partially mothballed. These include Zubair, Luhais, Suba, Buzurgan, Abu Ghirab, and Fauqi. Generally speaking, oil field development plans were put on hold following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, with Iraqi efforts focused on maintaining production at existing fields. At the present time, problems with Iraq’s refineries––stemming largely from post-war looting and sabotage in addition to power outages––continue to force the country to import gasoline, diesel, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and other refined products from neighboring countries (Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey). As of October 2004, Oil Minister Ghadban said that Iraqi gasoline imports were running around 40,000 bbl/d (mainly by truck), costing the country U. S. $60 million per month in direct costs. This does not include the additional cost of steep government subsidies on the consumer price of gasoline, which runs around 10 cents per gallon. It is estimated that overall direct and indirect oil subsidies cost Iraq U. S. $8 billion per year, with no indication as to when this problem might be resolved (Country Analysis Brief, March 2004). As a result, both countries are expected to benefit from the swapping agreement; Iraq will secure current and future needs of oil, benzene, and diesel and Kuwait will use the natural gas for the production of petrochemicals, electricity, and water while freeing up a substantial amount of oil for exportation. 4. 3. Swapping Businesses In 1997, PPG Industries, a specialty chemical company, exchanged its surfactants10 business for BASF’s packaging coatings business. This swap resulted in the growth of PPG’s portfolio and led to the expansion of geographic opportunities for the coating business. Moreover, this swap enabled PPG to become one of the world’s largest suppliers of package coating for food, aerosols, and other container and packaging applications. On the other hand, this business swap made it possible for BASF to expand its surfactants offerings for the food, personal care, and coatings industries (Gain, 1997). 9 10 Associated gas is found and produced in conjunction with oil. Surfactants are also known as wetting agents and may be liquids or powders. Surfactants are used in aqueous cleaners to provide detergency, emulsification, and wetting action. 4 Similarly, BP swapped its polyethylene glycol11 (PEG) ether brake fluid business for the butyl glycol ether12 (BGE) solvents operation belonging to Clariant, a Swiss specialty chemical company. However, this swapping deal was restricted only to the exchange of customer lists and contracts. No manufacturing units, staff, or cash transfer between the two companies took place. Clariant discontinued production of BGE at Gendorf, Germany, and BP discontinued manufacturing brake fluids at Lavera. The deal broadened the range of products that Clariant supplied to the automotive industry and enabled BP to better utilize the Lavera BGE plant (Alperowicz, 2001). 4. 4. Swapping Shipments During 2000, a swapping arrangement of liquid natural gas took place among Spain, Algeria, and Trinidad. Spain’s Gas Natural became the first European LNG buyer to resell LNG to the U. S. market. This gas had been sold to Gas Natural by Atlantic LNG of Trinidad. At the same time, Algerian LNG dedicated to the United States was delivered to Spain, reducing shipping charges for all parties. In 2001, these swaps developed into a more permanent arrangement with the signing of a contract between Sonatrach of Algeria, Gas Natural of Spain, Tractebel LNG North America in the United States, and Distrigas of Belgium. Companies with interests on both sides of the Atlantic gained an advantage over others, enabling them to react faster to any market opportunity (Gandolphe, 2002). Moreover, Nova Chemicals, a Canadian chemical company, and BASF entered a swap deal for styrene13 in which Nova supplied BASF in North America and BASF supplied Nova in Europe. This agreement provided each company with a stable supply of styrene without committing either one to significant investments. The deal also gave each company a low-cost styrene position for their PS (Sim, 2002). Another swap example is between world-class Indian polymer manufacturers Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. (HPL) and GAIL Ltd. , India’s principal gas transmission and marketing company. The two companies entered into a product swapping and sharing arrangement that forced other polymer sellers in eastern and northern India to retreat from the market. Under this swapping agreement, both companies gained substantial savings on freight costs. Gail supplied HPL’s customers in northern India from its plant in Uttar Pradesh, and HPL served Gail’s customers in eastern and southeastern Asia by supplying them from the Haldia plant (Saha, 2003). 5. Conclusion More efficient and cost effective supply chain practices in the petroleum industry represent important factors for maintaining continuous supplies of crude oil, the reduction of lead times, and lowering of production and distribution costs. Due to the inflexibility involved in the petroleum industry’s supply chain network, logistics represent a great challenge. However, it is only one of several challenging factors. Integrated process management, information systems and information sharing, organizational restructuring, and cultural reorientation are equally important. Despite the great challenges in the petroleum industry’s supply chain, opportunities for improvements and cost savings do exist along the supply chain. One major area for improvement and cost savings lies in the logistics function. Companies in the petroleum industry have become increasingly reliant on the services of third-party logistics companies to manage their supply chains. Companies in the petroleum industry took the outsourcing idea a step further to collaborate with competitors and found shared solutions to their supply chain challenges. This form of collaboration is referred to as a systematic cooperative reciprocal barter, or swaps. Collaboration among competing companies in the form of swaps is a practice that can offer companies huge savings and introduce new opportunities. However, despite its wide use and benefits, especially in the oil and petrochemical industries, the subject has not received the attention it deserves in the operations management literature. Currently, judgmental methods and the aid of spreadsheets are the only approaches utilized when attempting swap decisions. Although great savings are realized by companies using swap practices, the 11 Polyethylene glycol is a non-toxic chemical used in a variety of products such as skin creams, toothpaste, shampoos, etc. 12 Butyl glycol ether is a widely-used solvent for many applications. 3 Styrene is a chemical molecule used in polystyrene manufacturing, the rubber industry, and the reinforced plastic industry. 95 approaches used for making such decisions cannot guarantee an optimal solution, and hence, opportunities to utilize the full capability of swap practices are not fully exploited. Therefore, the next step would be the utilization of management science techniques, presumably mathematic al/simulations models. These methods will significantly enhance the capability of such forms of collaboration and will represent valuable tools for practitioners to use. . Appendix: Production Process and Industry Background Crude oil and natural gas are the raw materials of the petroleum industry. They are used for the production of petrochemicals and other oil derivatives. After the production of crude oil is complete from oil reserves located deep underground or in sea beds, the crude oil undergoes a distillation14 process. As a result of the distillation process, various fractions of the crude oil are produced, such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, and naphtha. 5 The output of the distillation process is then provided to refineries as feedstocks. These feedstocks are first processed through cracking16 operations before they are supplied to petrochemical plants. Once the cracking process is complete, companies are able to obtain new products that serve as the building blocks of the petrochemical industry, such as olefins (i. e. , mainly ethylene, propylene, and the so-called Carbon (C) derivatives, including butadiene) and aromatics, which include benzene, toluene, and the xylenes. After the cracking process, petrochemical products such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, and the xylenes are then used at petrochemical plants to produce even more specialized products, such as plastics, soaps and detergents, healthcare products (such as aspirin), synthetic fibers for clothes and furniture, rubbers, paints, and insulating materials. References Alperowicz, N. (2001, August 29 – September 5). BP swap business with Clariant. Chemical Week, 163, 33. Alshalan, M. (2004, December 15). Iraqi gas to Kuwait and Kuwaiti benzene to Iraq. Alwatan, 10368/4814 – Year 43. Bianchi, M. (2003). Getting to the route. ACN: Asian Chemical News, September, 19. BP, Conoco swap Gulf of Mexico, Alaskan assets. (1993, November 15). Oil Gas Journal, 91, 46. Coia, A. (1999, July 12). Integrating oil’s supply chain. Traffic World, 259, 2. Collins, T. (1999, September 9). Striking it big together. Supply Management, 4, 18. Gain, B. (1997, August 27 – September 3). 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