Answering the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answering the questions - Essay Example c. Cubital tunnel syndrome: Is a syndrome that relates to the effect of pressure exerted on the ulnar nerve in the hand; thus, resulting in various problems such as pain, weakness, swelling, clumsiness, and unresponsiveness of the small and ring fingers. In most cases, the syndrome causes pain in the elbow on the arm’s side near the chest. d. Tendonitis: Refers to the tendon inflammation, swelling and irritation on the inside sheath due to the overextending of arms overhead. Given that the tendons attach the bones to the muscles, a degeneration of the tendons (tendonitis) would result in the symptoms of this condition. This condition is also the most frequently diagnosed cumulative trauma disorder (CTD). e. Pronation: Refers to the roll of the foot inward when a person is either walking or running. As a result of this, it provides for the distribution of the force of impact on the foot and leg muscles, and the roll usually takes place at about 15%; thus, coming into complete contact with the ground. However, pronation is crucial to the absorption of shock in a proper sense as it helps in the pushing off the foot from the front. f. Supination: This is a clear opposite of pronation; thus, refers to a condition in which the foot rolls outwards and places more weight on the outside of the foot. It may be considered as an over-pronation given that the forearm or foot and leg would make a corresponding movement to the outwards and faces upwards (Skeat 153). g. Rotation: This term is used to describe the movement of muscles at the body joint in relation to each other, but towards the center of the body and around the central axis. Rotation commonly occurs at shoulder joints. The occurrences of rotation may be referred to in various terms depending on the location of the body where it happens, and the involved muscles such as teres major, anterior deltoid, pectoralis, subscapularis,

The role of genetics in diabetes type 1 Research Paper

The role of genetics in diabetes type 1 - Research Paper Example These statistics indicate that the problem of diabetes is intensifying. At present, state law provides minimum coverage requirements for state-regulated health insurance policies that include treatment for diabetes. Federal law, however, does not offer an assured support for diabetes research and treatment (â€Å"Providing Diabetes†). Because of the expensive cost of treating diabetes type 1, state and federal programs must fund more medical research for diabetes treatment, in order to help children who are generally afflicted by this disease and to ensure that the high costs of treating diabetes type 1 will be lessened in the long run. Diabetes type 1 is more expensive to treat than diabetes type 2. Diabetes is â€Å"characterized by a condition where the body does not produce or properly use insulin† (â€Å"Providing Diabetes†). People need insulin to covert sugar, starches, and other foods into energy (â€Å"Providing Diabetes†). As a whole, the cost of treating diabetes reached $174 billion, including medical costs and reduced productivity (â€Å"Providing Diabetes†). Around $27 billion went to the treatment of diabetes, while $58 billion went to treat diabetes-related chronic complications (â€Å"Providing Diabetes†). $31 billion paid excess medical costs (â€Å"Providing Diabetes†). The National Changing Diabetes Program commissioned a study, which learned that the existing estimate should include the costs for undiagnosed diabetes, pre-diabetes and gestational diabetes, which will further increase the costs to $218 billion in 2007 (â€Å"Providing Diabetes†). These significant costs should be broken down further because treating diabetes type 1 is more expensive than diabetes type 2. Children and young people with diabetes type 1 have very low insulin secretion and so they become dependent on insulin shots (Loghmani 167). In â€Å"Bridling at Insulin’s Cost, States Push for Generics,† Saul interviewed people with diabetes and their

Supply Chain Strategy At Somerset Furniture Commerce Essay

Supply Chain Strategy At Somerset Furniture Commerce Essay The main focus of this study lies on the business performance of Somerset Furniture. Consequently, this paper aims to assess the supply chain and logistic practices of Somerset Furniture. With regards to purposes, this paper also aims in exploring the Somerset Furnitures supply chain strategy, specifically its manufacturing plant establishment in the foreign country-China, has influenced its success. In this paper, the researcher assesses the current business strategy of Somerset Furniture in order to identify its effectiveness and determine how this strategy helps the business in attaining business success. Basically, there are numerous methods and styles that business may use in order to attain success, normally, this methods and strategies were used in determining the target market, encouraging the prospects buy their products with value and generate profit. In fact, this study recognises the importance and outcome of leadership, innovation and motivation to the progress and advan cement of Somerset Furniture. Introduction Organizations use the supply chain approaches to have control over the operations and reduce the costs, as much as possible. Supply chain strategy is often intertwined with the supply chain management but supply chain strategy is broader than the other which should be managed well in order to compete in the market. The implemented strategy is a kind of process that evaluates the cost and benefit that an organization can gain through its operation. Most of the business strategies are formulated with an aim to effective compete and at the same time, achieve the organizational goals. This idea is true with the implementation of supply chain strategy because it includes the analytic and decision making processes. Identify the Issues Actually, there are no specific steps regarding the development of a comprehensive supply chain strategy that can be effective in an organization. Every enterprise is uniquely founded and their environments are differs among the others. This is a challenge that the organization should identify. Before the development, the organization should first assess the existing supply chain management or the factors that might affect the creation of the effective supply chain strategy (Rosenfeld, et al., 2000). Commonly, the organization goes back into the basics of business. Through the identification of the essential offers (products or services), when to offer (timing, seasonal), and where to offer (market, retail) the organization can draw its own competitive plan of supply chain. Having a business strategy is a representation of the overview of the businesss future, and having a supply chain strategy can be mirrored through the actual operations. In the end, the supply chain can meet the objectives of the organization. The supply chain strategy is important towards the operations and execution of the activities. In the continuous practice, the efficiencies are maximized and remain competitive in the market. Having a supply chain strategy creates a strong relationship between the suppliers and customers. And an organization should remember that a well executed supply chain strategy creates a value for the organizations advantage. Basically, businesses like Somerset Furniture are considering now the advantage of transferring the manufacturing process to China in order to lessen their overhead costs. Actually, setting up manufacturing plants in other countries like China may reduce costs, principally due to the use of economical foreign labour in developing nations. Somerset Furniture can handle costs by transferring their production lines in global setting or in a foreign land that they wish to operate. However, Somerset Furniture practices grasps that they produce employment, generate affluence, and perk up expertise in nations that are in dreadful need of such growth. Censors, on the other hand, point to their unnecessary political anxiety, their operation of developing countries, and the job losses that result in the businesses home nations. In the case of Somerset Furniture, the business identified several issues in their supply chain as they considered China as part of their manufacturing processes. Table 1. List of Issues Logistics Duration days The company process order weekly or biweekly Weekly or biweekly 14 It takes 12 and 25 days for the company to develop a purchase order and release it to their Chinese suppliers 12 and 25 days to develop PO 25 This process includes developing a demand forecast, which may take from one week to two weeks; converting the forecast to an order fulfillment schedule; and then developing a purchase order. 1 week to 2 weeks for demand forecast 14 Once the purchase order is processed overseas by the Chinese manufacturer, which may take 10 to 20 days depending on the number of changes made, the manufacturing process requires approximately 60 days. 60 days 60 The foreign logistics process requires finished furniture items to be transported from the manufacturing plants to the Chinese ports, which can take up several weeks depending on trucking availability and schedules. Several Weeks ie. 3 weeks? 21 An additional 5 to 10 days is required to arrange for shipping containers and prepare the paperwork for shipping. 5 to 10 days 10 Shipments can then wait from one day to a week for enough available containers. 1 day to a week 7 It requires between three to six days to optimally loading the containers. 3 to 6 days 6 Since 9/11, random security checks of containers can delay shipment another one to three weeks 1 to 3 weeks 21 The trip overseas to Norfolk requires 28 days. 28 days 28 Once in port, one to two weeks are required for a shipment to clear customs 1 to 2 weeks 14 to be loaded onto trucks for transport to Somersets warehouse in Randolph County, which takes from one to three days 1 to 3 days 3 When a shipment arrives, it can take from one day up to a month to unload a trailer, depending on the urgency to fill store orders from the shipment. 1 day to a month 31 254 Because of supply chain variability, shipments can be off schedule, (that is, delayed) by as much as 40%. Delay by 40% +3 Table 2. Other Issues Issues Category At the same time, keeping excess inventories on hand in its warehouses is very costly and since Somerset redesigns its product lines so frequently a real problem of produce obsolescence arises if products remain in inventory very long. Cost Somerset has also been experiencing quality problems. The Chinese suppliers employ quality auditors who rotate among plants every few weeks to perform quality control tests and monitor the manufacturing process for several days before visiting another plant. Store and individual customer complaints have forced Somerset to inspect virtually every piece of furniture it receives from overseas before forwarding it to stores. Quality In some instances, customers have complained that tables and chairs creak noisily during use. Somerset subsequently discovered that creaking was caused by humidity differences between the locations of the Chinese plants and the geographic areas in the United States where their furniture is sold Quality Replacement parts (like cabinet doors or table legs) are difficult to secure because the Chinese suppliers will only agree to provide replacement parts for the product lines currently in production Vendor Management Somerset provides a one year warranty on its furniture, which means that they often need parts for a product no longer being produced. Even when replacement parts were available, it took long to get them from the supplier in order to provide timely customer service Obsolete Products Strategic Solution There is no such thing as constant. Everything in this world evolves, even strategic performance measures. From the issues in the logistic and supply chain process of Somerset Furniture and in accordance to strategic solution, the business must be open to the idea that some measures changes over time. Somerset Furniture must research on different approaches to be at par with the changes on the systems. In Somerset Furniture, the business may want to incorporate e-commerce strategy in their supply chain management. Actually, this has been the primary role of most businesses, how to incorporate e-commerce strategy in the supply chain management that will help in reduce expenses in the supply chain and at the same time makes the supply chain more responsive and the flow of products or services faster for the benefits of each member of the chain. According to Jones (2001), SCM practices in business industry like Somerset Furniture integrates the key business processes, from suppliers through end-users that provide products, services, and information that add value for customers and stakeholders. It is also a network of facilities and distribution options that integrate the functions of demand planning and forecasting, procurement of materials, manufacturing, distribution, and return. Basically, in business industry the goal of SCM is to reduce inventory cost and to improve the coordination and collaboration with suppliers and distributors. In any type of businesses or even in Somerset Furniture, sales are an important part of any commercial transaction. The most common approach to personal selling in a traditional department store concerns to a organized procedure of incessant yet quantifiable techniques in which the one selling explains his offered products or services in such a way that the consumer will be able to envisage how to gain from the offered products or services in a cost-effective means. Selling is basically a part of the implementation procedures of marketing. It often forms a particular grouping within a corporate structure, employing independent specialist operatives known as salesmen (Jones, 2001). The continued interrogation in order to understand a consumers goal as well as the establishment of a set of feasible solutions by conveying the necessary information that convinces a buyer to achieve his goal at a reasonable cost is the main responsibility of the sales person. On the other hand, the main objective of professional sales in a traditional department store is to be able to know the needs and satisfy the wants of consumers effectively, and therefore convert possible customers into actual and reliable ones. On the other hand, electronic selling refers to the paid endorsement of commodities and services with the use of online trading known as the Internet. While marketing has the main goal to select marketplaces that have the capability to acquire a product, electronic selling, in contrast, is the paid communication through which pertinent data concerning the product is transmitted to latent consumers via the Internet (Carlton, 2001). In a general sense, electronic selling is being utilized to be able to impart to the consumers the availability of a particular product or service online. In a way, electronic selling is also able to give vital information concerning the product or service through the Internet. When an online selling campaign is attained efficiently, this can direct to an augmented demand for the merchandise. There are commonly three main objectives of electronic selling: (1) conveying relevant information regarding a particular product or service; (2) persuading clients to buy the promoted product; and, (3) keep the company under the watchful eyes of the public (Carlton, 2001). Most successful electronic selling campaigns typically blend the rudiments of all three objectives. Typically, newly well-known products are supported with informative and persuasive electronic selling ads, while sturdily recognized products make use of institutional and convincing electronic selling ads. In Somerset Furniture, amplified market rivalry classifies incessant modification and development in the assembly lines, outsourcing and supply chain managing of companies. Interdependence and contribution of suppliers and manufacturers in product plan, innovation, including research and development distinguish the present international business setting consequential to market instability (Sobrero Roberts, 2001 and Appleyard, 2003). These associations generally share proprietary shared information with peripheral suppliers and associates while guaranteeing utmost protection to improve competence transversely the product lifecycle by reorganization procurement, manufacture, completion, and allocation procedures (Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch Skarmeas, 2002) which necessitated in incorporation of purposes and information across various geographically discrete supply chain allies, including internal amalgamation with legacy systems (Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch Skarmeas, 2002 and Appleyard, 2 003). Tactical Solution In accordance to the tactical solution and with respect to the issues of logistic and supply chain in Somerset Furniture. The business may consider the implementation and integration of Information technology (IT) to their supply chain and logistic process. Basically, the information technology (IT), also commonly referred to as information and communication technology (ICT) can be applied to Somerset Furniture similar to other businesses discussed in McCue, (2006). In Somerset Furniture, IT may play a significant role in enhancing supply chain management (SCM) systems. For instance, a number of information technologies had been made available to owners of business organizations for this purpose, from less-sophisticated to more advanced systems (Reynolds, J, 2004). The supply chain operations of most businesses have been enhanced through information technology mainly when the concepts of business and consumers (B2C) and business partners (B2B) were introduced. In addition to tactical solution, internet technology may also lead to the development of SCM systems among business organisations. Through this innovation, product customization, information searches and online deliveries are some common services that are now available to the customers. Manufacturers, suppliers and distributors on the other hand, benefit from internet utilization through well-coordinated information sharing. Online auctions are even made possible with this technological development (Emiliani 2000). In addition to internet technology, specific programs and systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) also became one of the most well-known strategies for applying IT within manufacturing enterprises, which helps in facilitating information exchange (Evans et al 1995 and Tesone, D, 2005). In addition to this, ERP also helps the business sector by improving various activities such as the monitoring of orders, materials, schedules and inventories as well as business process engineering. The Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is yet another IT strategy that is applied by business organizations, particularly in improving their SCM operations. Private wide-area networks or value-added networks (VAN) were conventionally used to implement EDI. This however made EDI too costly for small and medium sized companies. With the introduction of the internet-based EDI, these enterprises are now able to acquire the benefits of EDI application (Johnston Mark 2000). The business industry like the business of Somerset Furniture is also one of the business sectors that utilize various information technology strategies so as to enhance its operations. One of these strategies that they may consider was the application of Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), which was first introduced during the late 1980s. With this strategy, retail companies are able to acquire virtual online information about their respective customers, particularly their demands. These data are derived from the scanned purchases at the checkout counters of retail stores (McCall Stone 2004). In this tactical solution, Somerset Furniture may able to acquire a large customer database that can more or less give a good representation of their total demand. Customer data basically include information such as consumer sales in terms of brand, product, outlet and region. Information about the customers such as names, frequency of their visit to a particular outlet and payment method can also be obtained and stored in the database. With these data, businesses are able to develop and make successful television campaigns based on the product sales obtained from a specific region (McCall Stone 2004). The information that is stored on the database is mainly derived from the bar code reader. With this system, the reader, which is an electronic data input device, collects information and transmit it to the central computer. Aside from stock control, this data-gathering technique is also used to conduct market basket analysis, which is mainly used for developing profiles of individual shoppers (Czerniawska Potter 1998 and Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch Skarmeas, 2002). The introduction of information technology to business application even made the development of a customer database even easier and more effective. The incorporation of IT to customer data then led to the construction of the EPOS strategy. With this added feature, businesses now can make the most of the data derived from their customers. In addition, the development of results from analyzing these data is now easier and faster than before. Data storage and classification are no longer a problem either. In organizations that observe regular office settings, IT application strategies had also been used. One of which is the use of information technologies in developing virtual teams. Business organizations have long been searching for mechanisms or systems that will make their operations work more efficiently (Bielski, 2004). In the past, industries had recognized the efficacy of creating teams from their workforce in achieving this objective (Bielski, 2004). Based on corporate experience, organizations have witnessed that team-based working environment is capable of drawing productivity and creativity out of their employees. Moreover, a dynamic business environment exemplified by work teams enables the member to overcome challenges better (Bielski, 2004). However, as teams are integrated into an organizations work operation, management had started to encounter several problems and dilemmas. For instance, some work assignments require frequent relocations. This then would call for expensive travel expenses to transfer a particular work team. Due to this, organizations are not able to maximize the use of team-based workforce as work teams tend to be constricted on small projects only. Furthermore, traveling causes much delay on work actions and decisions. Without the full and complete presence of the teams members in a common work site or location, no work progress is achieved. This has been the case until information technology was introduced. With new software programs, faster communication systems and more efficient processors, business sectors now have access to a useful technology known as virtual connectivity (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2004 and Celly, Kamauff Spekman, 1999). The access to these new technologies and innovations has allowed people all over the world to communicate even at great distances. This transition has given organizations the idea of creating virtual teams. Virtual teams are made up of organizational members whose main form of interaction is made via electronic communication means. Through the use of the telephone, fax machines, the internet or other computer-based media (Townsend, DeMarie Hendrickson 1996), team members are able to communicate without actually seeing one another and even without being in one work location. By means of these virtual communication systems, team members can easily decide or select which information system is appropriate for particular work tasks. For instance, in a work assignment that needs the exchange of information, lean technologies, such as electronic mailing or instant messaging, are used. Complicated work duties on the other hand, like conflict resolution or brainstorming, require more advance technologies such as video conferencing. Leonard (1998) noted that as the members of the virtual team are aware of the resources available to them for specific tasks, they are able to develop a refined sense of efficiency in communicating and conducting business operations as a team. Basically, supply chain management system helps the company to improve their ability to deliver products in more quickly and timely manner. It is now consider as one of the most important aspect of management as well as strategic operations that will help to ensure that companies will be competitive in each and every move that they will take. The said system also deals with the relationship that a certain company is involved at. Information flow, cash flow and product flow are important in any company and therefore should be taken care of by setting necessary measures that will ensure the communication link between different entities that are involved in any supply chain. The said system will help businesses to conceptualize the processes and information that will help them to manage the cooperation in the supply chain that are based on the holistic view of the entire system (Skjà ¸tt-Larsen Jespersen, 2005, p.10). Table 3 The IPO Chart (Input, Process, and Output) Input Process Output 1.Enquiry,Comments and suggestions 1. Analyzing the all the enquiry, comments and suggestion of the customer with regards to the performance of the company 1. Improved and developed service and performance 2. Sales of products 2.1Analyzing all the sales details of a certain products such as number of sold item in a given period of time as well as the range of ages that are buying those products. 2.2 Add to the out-flow of the products 2.1 Demand forecast 2.2 Updated Inventory 3. Pricing information from the distributor 3. Calculate those factors that will affect the price of a certain product such as the suggested price from the distributor and the needed amount to meet the target profit of the company. 3. The retail price for the customer 4. Delivered product from the distributor 4. Check if there is no damage or irregularities about the certain products. If there is any the product will be returned to the distributor 4. Updated Inventory 5. Return request from the customers 5. Ask for the proof of purchase and replace the product 5.1 Replaced product 5.2 Updated inventory 6. Money (Payment from the customer) 6. Information about the financial aspect especially the cash inflow will be saved to the database of the company for future references. 6. Profit The main focus of the supply management system is to maintain the relationship between the different entities in the entire supply chain such as the customer, the manufacturer, the distributor etc. Figure 1 shows the control of the overall system. The system is consists of four subsystems that are important to the overall operation of the said system. The first subsystem is the planning that focuses on the initial activities of the company such as the demand forecast, the marketing strategy, the process of pricing the product and the inventory management. It is shown in the figure 4 that the entire planning phase is related or connected to the sales activities. This is because the main focus of the first said subsystem is to ensure the loyalty of the previous customers as well as to catch the attention of other target customers. On the other hand, the customer relation is connected to the marketing strategy; this is because, if a company has their pleasant and good implementation pro duct, it will help to make the past customer to be loyal. The main sub systems here that affect the overall flow of the supply are the returns of the suppliers and the customers, delivery and procurement. This is the core operation since it will handle the inflow and outflow of the product to the company that will help to maintain the level of the inventory to prevent over and under stock. Figure 2. The Supply Chain Management System Avoiding Potential Pitfalls The organization should firstly look on the obvious and existing process that lies within their supply chain. All of the processes involved in the organization can effectively contribute in the successful creation of the supply chain strategy (UPS, 2005). Performance Management this is the process on controlling and execution or implementation of the appropriate processed that allows the organization to realize their goals. A well managed performance works with the organization and became the foundation of the supply chain strategy that is being supported and reinforced. Cost-Benefit Evaluation Process can be done periodically or annually depending on how complex the supply chain strategy is. This is the investigation regarding on what strategies, practices or methods, products, technologies, etc. can be implemented in the strategy. Within this process, the organization can also look on the new opportunities that can further position the organization towards its success. Keeping Communication with the Partners the supply chain strategy is basically deals with many different entities that can be both internally and externally. It very crucial for the organization to align the supply chain strategy along with the business strategy and both ideas are important to achieve the goals of the organization and foster the long-term success. By keeping the communication with the partners and customers creates an impact in rapid pace in realizing the goals because there is consistency in the process and communication. Having the strategy is not an assurance that the organization is strong enough to achieve the success. Most of the businesses fail because of the poor implementation of the strategy. The execution is the most important that contributes in the strategys success or failure and not on its strategic planning, changes and development. If a strategy is not delivered according to its commitments and decisions are not comprehensively done, the alignment of the supply chain strategy with the business strategy is meaningless. If the people created the strategy, there should be commitment and responsibilities to eliminate the consequences or challenges that can be the cause of its failure. Conclusion Developing an effective supply chain strategy does not end there, there should also include the appropriate efforts and approach to deliver its value. A supply chain strategy is the focus of the organization towards the suppliers and customers and maintaining the good relationship towards the operational excellence of the organization. It might involve risks, but the organization should bring the emphasis on the supply chain strategy to guide the organization, at least, to gain competitive advantage.

Essay --

Over the past century and a half, the spur of Bigfoots existence has questioned many researchers and non-believers alike. Extensive research and findings have sparked many to seek out if there is another creature amongst our woods. Bigfoots existence is limited to substantial evidence such as sightings, footprints, and somatogenic traces. Ben Radford the author of â€Å"Bigfoot at 50 Evaluating a Half-Century of Bigfoot Evidence† explains effectively of the possible existence through extensive evidence and theories whether the beast actually resides among us. The theory of there being an ape like beast that walks through our wilderness all started with a 16mm film in Bluff Creek, California by Roger Patterson and Bob Gimlin in 1967. The video displayed a tall, hairy human like figure trolling along a timber clearing walking briskly away from Patterson and Gimlin. The film ignited a craze amongst scientist and viewers to go on a conquest to prove Bigfoots existence. The 1967 film was never proven to be a hoax or real evidence and still today is a toss up. Personal sightings or eyewitness accounts make up what seems to be the most numerous amounts of evidence that’s been brought to attention. Sightings are not justifiable to whether â€Å" Squatch† is real no matter how many sightings are reported. The Pennsylvania Bigfoot Society stores archives of Bigfoot reports across Pennsylvania for almost the past century. Locally, in Erie County, there has suspected to be several eyewitness accounts of Bigfoot encounters. People often confuse a Sasquatch with a bear or some other unknown animal that they may seem to not make out clearly. â€Å" Eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable†(Radford 2002). Sure some people would not believe a person ... ... tested hairs and other parts for DNA and concluded that they fit into our family tree. â€Å" Those hair samples that could not be identified as known animal or human were subsequently screened using DNA testing, beginning with sequencing of mitochondrial DNA followed by sequencing nuclear DNA to determine where these individuals fit in the tree of life† (Ketchum 2013). The existence of Bigfoot isn’t quite certain to be real with the numerous accounts of acclaimed sighting and physical evidence that has been laid on the table for researchers to decipher. From my standpoint, Bigfoot is a cryptozoological creature that has yet to be explained that I’m not for certain about. Radford explained the facts whether the existence of Bigfoot is real or just a hoax. It’s just a matter of time when and where this mythological being will proven to be a new life form amongst us.

Shakespeare and Steinbeck

Compare how Shakespeare and Steinbeck present villains and victims in ‘Othello' and ‘Of Mice and Men'. By Bushes Begum Both ‘Othello' and ‘Of Mice and Men' are tragedies about society villains and victims and how their pursuit of love, hopes and dreams leads them to death and destruction. William Shakespearean ‘Othello' (1603) is based on a Greek tragedy; the setting is in Venice and then Cyprus, which reflects Othello transforming into a powerful and dominant hero to a ‘Monstrous' devil.Briefly, the narrative is about a white woman (Desman) falling in love with a ‘Moorish' Muslim soldier (Othello). Inter-racial relationships were seen as vile and shocking and the fact that a Senator's daughter had fallen in love with a ‘black ram' (as he is referred to in the play) was an even bigger issue as she not only had transgressed the social taboo, but had betrayed her fathers trust and respect.However, John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice and Men' is a novella that is based on the American Dream. It was published in 1937, while it was the Great Depression in the U. S. A. The novella shows us how life was around the sass's and how people were affected, such as racism, violence, sexism; women did not have the same equality as men. Moreover, as the unemployment rate was high, people did not have the money to provide for themselves and their family. Firstly, both texts bring male villains to life.In Act one, Shakespeare presents Ago as an antagonist even before Othello appears on stage; The scene begins with Ago fuming as he did not get the position he wanted or thought he had ‘deserved' because Othello (being the General) had appointed Michael Cassia for this role – Cassia is one of Othello trusted soldiers and had been chosen due to his intelligence; the reason Ago is a villain is because he had planned o cause chaos Between Othello relationship with his beloved Desman by making him believe that Cassia was having an affair with her- this was in fact false.Ago had thought of this particular revenge on Othello due to his jealousy and new that he was not chosen as Cassia's new position as Othello lieutenant. Sago's bitterness can be seen through this. He openly admits he is deceptive and selfish saying â€Å"In following him follow but myself'. As well as this, Ago repeatedly uses the plural ‘l' – this flaunts his self- obsession once again and his egomania. Furthermore, Ago states â€Å"l am not what I am,† it is reminiscent of a quotation room the Bible which Shakespeare would have known: In Exodus (New Testament) Moses asks God his name.God replies: â€Å"l am that am†. Therefore, Sago's self-description is the direct opposite of God, which is the Devil. There is also an inconsistency between how he appears and what he is really like. This introduces Sago's mysterious nature and his unwillingness to share his true thoughts. The readers are the only spectators that un derstand Sago's true feelings. Each character believes that he is a trustworthy and noble man, but they are unaware of his thoughts and schemes.He claims a fake putative for honesty and plain speaking, yet he invents elaborate lies to exploit each character -The fact that he started and ended the first scene demonstrates his high authority and implying he is omnipotent. Moreover, Ago uses vocabulary to manipulate Abrogation. His slyness is another concept of his wicked characteristics; he uses bestial, sexual language to exaggerate the sinfulness of his daughters marriage . The sense of uncertainty is emphasized as the action takes place at night.The darkness links to a metaphorical difficulty in seeing – this becomes a theme in the play s the characters struggle to separate appearances from reality. Repetition is one of the skills he uses to get them thinking negatively, for example by repeating â€Å"thieves† four times he encourages Abrogation to feel that Othello h as stolen his daughter. He also announces ‘Even now, an old black ram is topping your white ewe', by using this sort of annalistic and graphic imagery, he is trying to arouse Abrogation anger at Othello, so that Abrogation destroys Othello quicker.This is an advantage to Ago as he can seek revenge on someone he hates indirectly and in such a clever way that it doesn't even me like he was involved in the action at all. Shakespeare specifically chose the animal, ‘ram' to reveal the moor and connote that he is demonic and devilish; and a ‘ewe' to suggest she is pure. Being a lamb can also emphasis that Desman is still her fathers baby, which will make Abrogation feel fellow and pity. Ago uses the present tense ‘Even now, very now' to inflame Abrogation's patience so he takes action as soon as possible.Additionally, Ago cleverly included his skin color â€Å"black† to provoke Abrogation as this will array the contrast in color between Othello ND Desman; Du ring the Jacobean times, inter-racial relationships would be considered as scandalous and for a Senator's daughter to take such a shocking action, meant that he would lose his reputation Through Sago's soliloquy the dramatist anticipates his increasingly evil plans: in this scene (act 1, scene 3) Ago suggests various motives for his plotting. The dramatic device of the soliloquy gives us, the speakers perspective and makes us, in part, his accomplices.He suggests that he is envious of Cassia and states â€Å"if this poor trash of Venice, whom I leash for his haunting†¦ ‘al have our Michael Cassia on the hip†. Ago uses a series of haunting metaphors. â€Å"Trash† was a verb meaning ‘to restrain hounds' while hunting and a â€Å"leash† is used to restrain dogs. Also â€Å"on the hip† was a wrestling term. This shows Sago's language is aggressive and predatory and can suggest that jealousy can lead to aggression/violence. Ago also suspects t hat Othello has slept with Emilie: â€Å"twixt my sheets/he has done my office†.He seems to plot for his own amusement and calls it â€Å"sport†. However, he admits that he has no evidence â€Å"l know fit be true†, yet he acts in mere suspicion. Sago's unsubstantiated claims suggest that sexual jealousy is just an excuse to cause anxiety between Othello and Desman. This demonstrates Ago is skilled at thinking on his feet, by showing that Ago is working out his devious plan while he speaks he uses phrases like â€Å"let me see now' and â€Å"how? How? Let's see†. This hints his ability to take advantage of situations and improvise.The play†right uses rhetorical questions to make it effective. Driven by Sago's overpowering lust for evil, the lack of his intelligence and the ability to trick people is another thrust for his manipulation. Shakespeare resents Ago as a persuasive figure; as he has the talent to make other characters blind over his trust . This means he is able to utilize people to for his own agenda and use it as a tool for his aspirations. Roding was one of the easy target for Ago to take advantage of, by convincing him that his money (along with Sago's love) can buy Desman, a woman who cannot be bought.In Sago's soliloquy he declares: â€Å"Thus do I ever make my fool my purse†. The ensign shows that he is adept at using Roding's foolishness and weaknesses to fraud money and jewels, making himself a substantial profit, while using IM to attain his other goals too. This shows the society during the Jacobean times was really easy to fool and would trust anyone. Besides, Ago shows his immoral manner through his misogyny – a general hatred of women. He suggests that most women are adulteresses- he says that there's â€Å"many a beast then in a populous city† since so many women make their husbands cuckolds.He also uses misogynistic terms such as â€Å"wanton† and ‘TOUT† to desc ribe faithful Desman. Generally, in the 1 ass's, manipulating a woman would be really easy, as it was their duty to obey the commands instructed by their men. Therefore Ago is also capable of taking advantage of his own wife (Amelia), through her weakness. He does not give or show love to her in any way. This leaves Amelia desperate for his affection. He uses her as part of his mischievous plot to destroy Othello and orders her to betray Desman and steal her handkerchief. I nothing but to please his fantasy† Emilie doesn't question Ago about the handkerchief and does what she has been told. Even though she's trying to please him, he shows her little appreciation and snatches the handkerchief, telling Emilie â€Å"leave me†. This splays his vice personality. Additionally, the society during the Elizabethan time was patriarchal. Men was seen as powerful and masculine to do as such; sexism was a common issue meaning women had no rights or a chance to speak up on what they believed was right or wrong. The Jacobean audience would not see sexism as a scandal, as they believe it is culture.However, this could link to Roman Catholics not allowing women to speak in churches. On the other hand modern (21st Century) audiences would see this as discrimination and the gender should not stop you from speaking and giving your populous. Forbore, Sago's main plot was to utilize Othello and his faithful relationship with Desman. It was easy for Ago to manipulate the ‘Moor, as he knew his fear, such as being cuckolded and this would make him fragile. During these times a man who is being cheated on was outrageous and appalling.They would automatically lose their reputation and status; Even now in the 21 SST century people believe adultery is sickening. Ago uses relentless persuasive techniques to make Othello believe Desman is disloyal without any concrete proof. He uses leading questions such as â€Å"Did Michael Cassia†¦. Know your love? To imply that Othello should be suspicious of Cassia and Desman. By involving Othello in his ‘thought process', Ago makes it seem as if the idea of Adhesion's infidelity has come from Othello himself. This indicates Sago's cunning characteristics.The words ‘honest' and ‘honesty' are used twenty times in this scene alone proves that it is a major theme in this scene. A key reason for Sago's success in manipulating Othello is that he is perceived as a man of ‘exceeding honesty'. It is ironic that Othello believes Ago is truthful when he accuses Desman if dishonesty. Othello words ND thoughts begin to mirror Sago's. For example, Othello adopts Sago's misogynistic views, referring to â€Å"lewd minx† and â€Å"fair devil†. Also His language becomes violent. ; â€Å"I'll tear her all to pieces! † and begins to curse â€Å"O, damn her, damn her! Which echoes Sago's coarse language and references to hell. At the end of Act 3, Scene 3, Othello kneels in front of Ago, demonstrating to the audience how powerful Ago has become. Ago then kneels down and they pledge loyalty to each other in a parody of an Elizabethan wedding ceremony. This shows Ago can influence innocent people to think and act like him. Yet in ‘Of Mice and Men', The character The Boss' is a key villain; he is described as the â€Å"short fat legged man†. The word ‘fat' suggests that he is greedy and wealthy; he only wants everything for himself.This also suggests that his power and reputation is the most important factor for him. To illustrate the power and authority to the audience Steinbeck cleverly did not mention the boss's name throughout the entire novel. This further displays that the boss has high standards, thus the workers have no position to call him by his name. However, the characteristics of the boss implies to the traders that he does not believe in friendship or loyalty, the reason for this is the initial start of friendship begins with d eclaring of names.Moreover, the boss acts in this manner also due to the fact that he is insecure and worried that he might lose his position and reputation. As well as that, the society at the time was harsh and cruel that people were unable to trust one another. The boss is an authoritative figure who is really suspicious for example the book states â€Å"Then why won't you let him answer, what you trying to put over'; this is when George answers all the questions for Leonie and the boss starts butting both of them. The boss is clearly the villain in Of Mice and Men.The reason for this is because he holds favorites, and does not treat everyone equally. For example he treats Crooks in an unjust manner just due to his race and color. This is clearly proven in the statement â€Å"but I can't play because lime black. They say I stink'. This reveals that the boss's perception also affected the rank workers. Therefore, overall this illustrates the boss is not a victim and merely a vil lain. Similarly, both of the antagonist ‘Ago' and ‘The Boss' have a high authority and is omnipotent.Shakespeare and Steinbeck represents their authority in a clever way; for example In ‘Othello' Ago starts and ends the first scene to indicate he is dominant . Whereas, in ‘Of Mice and Men' Steinbeck does not mention the boss's name throughout the entire novella to illustrate his power and command. Both characters uses their intelligence and importance as a tool to take in control of people. They have other characters happiness in their hands, which leaves them deciding how they are going to manipulate or humiliate them.In ‘Othello' Ago uses racial language such as ‘ The old black am' and verbally abuses him and makes ‘The moor' seem like an outsider. Ago also describes Othello as a ‘Barbara Horse' creating an annalistic imagery. Likewise, The Boss also mistreats Crooks due to his skin color; he segregates him from the bunkhouse and giv es him space in the barn. The Boss, categories Crooks with the animals giving him the same equality as a horse. This suggests they both are racist and vile. It also can imply they do not consider black people as human which arrays their villainous nature.Furthermore, Both narratives show sympathetic male victims. In ‘Othello' the Arcadian tenders ‘The moor' as a protagonist and a hero in the play, he is a black soldier in a white society; it would be rare for a man of race to have such a highly respected position in Venetian society. However, everyone recognizes that he's foreign and exotic. Therefore, Othello Is often described using racial language – Roding and Ago calls him â€Å"laborious moor†, â€Å"Barberry horse† and an â€Å"old black ram† in the first scene before Othello appears.The word â€Å"lavishes† makes Othello seem savage. As well as this, by presenting bestial and annalistic images of Othello as a â€Å"ram† an d â€Å"bar berry horse† sakes him seem vicious and inhuman. This shows Abrogation, Roding and Ago have all condemned him and they see him as an outsider due to his skin color. This informs the audience that Othello is clearly a victim of discrimination. The ‘Moor' is also referred to using images of hell and devil because the color ‘ black' was linked to evil in Jacobean times. This refers the racist society during the 1 ass's.In the 21st century the racial comments would be offensive and uncivil. Moreover, Othello is a victimized through Sago's poisoned words, his faithful relationship is ruined by a scandalous amour: Desman is secretly seeing Cassia. The view of Othello as â€Å"not easily jealous† is supported and contradicted by the play. He doesn't given in jealousy immediately, and says Desman â€Å"loves company† defending her and demanding for â€Å"ocular proof' before he will believe her guilt. The strength of his jealousy arises in part from the strength of love.He loves Desman â€Å"not wisely, but too well† – when he begins to suspect she is unfaithful, this passion changes from love to jealousy. Ago plays with his insecurity and fears, which leaves Othello emotionally and physically mental, believing he had been cuckolded. Therefore, Othello loses control of his actions and speech. Paradoxically, he thinks that killing Desman is the only way to ensure that their love survives and states â€Å"l will keep thee/and love thee after†. This suggests he always loved her and will love her. He commits suicide to punish himself for his crime.Also as a tragic hero, he has no choice but to die: â€Å"no way but this†. Besides, In ‘Of Mice and Men' Crooks is introduced to us in a very unique way. He is the only black person in the novella. Steinbeck describes all his belongings, creating a strong vivid picture in the readers head. Crooks the ‘negro stable buck' lives alone in a small cramped room, he is not allowed to sleep in the bunkhouse, so instead he sleeps in the barn with the animals. This illustrates that he is getting the same equality as a horse is getting and being victimized like an animal, due to his color.He is someone who is abused very unfairly and unjustly. He has many things from a pair of rubber boots, a clock, and a shotgun; he also has a dictionary, magazines, a few dirty books, and a pair of ‘gold' spectacles. The ‘magazines, dictionary' tells us that he is bookish and educated unlike the other men. The ‘dirty books' expresses that crooks looks at woman's pictures because he cannot get a women in reality. Crooks characteristics is very down to earth, He thinks that everyone is the same. He acts like this because people treat him like a door mat and hate on him because of his race.The society during the sass's was very racist and black people would be mistreated harshly. He is obviously a victim of prejudice because of his skin color which isolates him from the other men. † Expose you didn't have nobody. Expose you couldn't go into the bunk house†¦ â€Å". This demonstrates He's bitter and lonely. Comparably, Othello and Crooks are the only black character in the both text. They are victimized racially and are diminished. During the sass's and sass's the society was chauvinist and prejudice, therefore it was not shocking or vile in these times.However, Shakespeare presents ‘Othello' as a hero in the play, whereas, in ‘Of Mice and Men' Steinbeck gives crooks a side role. ‘The Moor' has been manipulated by Ago without even realizing as he is perceived Ago as a man of ‘exceeding honesty. Therefore, he is blind over his trust. This shows Othello naivety, but some audience may not feel sympathy or Othello because he easily suspected his wife unfaithful without any concrete proof. On the other hand, Crooks has been discriminated from other men, but he knows his equal righ ts and makes the audience feel sympathy for him saying â€Å"Expose you dint have nobody.Expose you cuddy go into the bunk house†¦ â€Å". Crooks is very down to earth, he will not trust anyone and thinks everyone is the same due to his mistreatment. In addition, in cooperation text portray female victims. Desman is one of the main female characters in ‘Othello'; she is described in military terms as a fair warrior; which shows her strength of character. Desman is a white, upper class Venetian and would have been accepted to marry someone of the same class and race, but she rejects the society's expectation and marries Othello instead.Her Father (Abrogation) misjudges and disowns her due to the reason he would loose his ‘reputation'. This implies Desman is not racist towards black people and proves she plays a victim. Throughout the play, she's a loyal wife and promises to herself she will be faithful to Othello as her mother was to Abrogation: â€Å"so much duty as my mother showed me†. Yet Othello assumes his wife is disloyal and adulterous believing in Sago's dirty rumors. Ago uses her goodness for his own revenge.Desman reveals her naivety about marriage as she refuses to believe unfaithful wives exists: â€Å"l do not there is any such women†. The idea of infidelity is unthinkable to her. This emphasizes her innocence. Despite her loyalty to her husband, Othello physically and verbally abuses her in public labeling her a â€Å"strumpet† and a â€Å"where†. Desman becomes increasingly vulnerable to Othello anger. She seems to defend her husband's authority and blame herself for his outrage. Also excepting his previous abuse as she does not want to offend him ; â€Å"We must not now displease him†.In the sixteenth century, women were expected to be seen but not heard, especially in their husband's presence. Moreover, she accepts â€Å"wretched fortune† in act 4, Scene 3 she seems to anticipate her death – she sings a song which mirrors her life and is haunted by the thought â€Å"that song tonight/will not go from my mind†. This creates dramatic irony for the audience who know Othello plan, which is to murder his own wife. By the end of the play Othello tends to suffocate her until her heart beat has topped. Desman is the real victim in this tragic play.Additionally, Steinbeck presents Curler's wife as an isolated woman who is trapped in a marriage to Curler and is a possession according to him She is a victim because she does not have the freedom of doing what she always wanted, such as being an actress and being famous. She had big hopes and dreams but it all turned out to be the opposite because she married Curler. He treats her as his property, to show this to the readers, Steinbeck did not give her a name and labeled her ‘Curlers wife' which is also proposing she is just an object. In the 1 ass's women were not equal with men, Women could not even ge t out of the house.It was a sexist society. Curler does not seem to give her much attention, this means she had no one to talk to, even if she wants to; â€Å"but can't talk to no body but Curler. Else he gets mad†. This is what she says to Leonie. Meanwhile, she gets comfortable with Leonie and she tells him how ‘Lonely' she feels and the way people do not care about her. For example â€Å".. Seems like they anti none of them cares how I goat live† Her speech is characterized by the collective pronoun â€Å"they† and the singular round â€Å"l† which further signifies how she is marginalia from the other men and she feels completely alone in life.Curlers wife is considered as a victim because towards the end the audience starts feeling sympathy for her and realizes that she is a warm hearted person. Straight after, she is mistakenly killed by Leonie. With in Curler's wife's death; everything dies such as the Hopes, The American dream and it also en ds the novella with the sunset dying. Furthermore, both characters have been utilized as objects; they did not have the right to speak up but are there to only obey their husbands. Desman has been abused physically in public and is called a â€Å"strumpet† and a ‘Severe† – even though she is a loyal wife.In ‘Of Mice and Men' Steinbeck did not give her a name and labeled her as Curler's wife' which is proposing she is an object. Also, throughout, the novella she has been called a â€Å"Tart†. Steinbeck cleverly hints Curler's wife gets abused by Curler as she wears a lot of makeup to cover her bruises. The society was patriarchy and sexist; Women were mistreated like a discarded cloth. Moreover, both characters had problems in their marriage; their husbands tend to care about the loss of heir reputation more than anything else. Ultimately, both texts teach us that the society is the true, silent villain.This is because Women were treated as obje cts- they were seen as items to use for the purpose, benefit and satisfaction of men. Although even now, in the millennium era, women are portrayed as objects through sexual exploitation; therefore this highlights the fact that society as a leader, overdoses its generation with brain- tangling ideas to manipulate people's thoughts and create stereotypes. Another reason to clarify the society is the real scoundrel, s because black people were victimized and mistreated like animals, which is discriminatory and racism.The society is confused because Othello is a black man and he is considered as a white due to the reason he wins the war. This can suggest that the society believe black people are not capable of winning – hinting they are weak. The characters in ‘Of Mice and Men' and ‘Othello' tend to care more about status and reputation than themselves. For example, Othello had killed his beloved wife and himself to escape from his reputation loss. Whereas, in Ã¢â‚¬Ë œOf Mice and Men' Curler lies; his hand got in the machine to save his reputation.

Pesticides and their environmental impact Essay

Introduction Pesticides are chemicals or organic substances that have been designed to prevent pests, weeds or diseases in agricultural production and other places where public health is of paramount importance. Pesticides are very important in agricultural production because they control vermin that would otherwise lead production losses during growth and the storage. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003). Various researches have continued to indicate that farmers stand to loose about a third of the crop field if pesticides are not used as a control measure. This would have catastrophic effect on food security across the globe. Thus pesticides play a major role in food production. However the handling and the usage of the pesticides has continued to have long lasting effect on the environment including the flora and fauna. (Hamilton D & Crossley S   2004). Since 2500 BC farmers used biological means to control various pests. It was the safest method even though not the most effective. The farm products treated by biological pesticides  Ã‚   did not have any side effects to the consumers who used these products. However after the agrarian revolution, an increasing number of farmers started using artificial pesticides that were more suitable for the increased scale of agricultural production. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003).   There are different types of pesticides depending on the target pests; insecticides help to control insects, bactericide control bacteria and fungicides control fungi. We also have synthetic pesticides that are artificially produced in factories. DDT is always listed as one of the most effective pesticides yet the most environmental destructive which led to its eventual ban in 1939 in over 98 countries. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003). Environmental Effects The environment is always contaminated when pesticides are applied on crops. During the process of application it has been known that some amounts of pesticides vaporize and are later deposited in the soil or other waterways by rainfall. (Hamilton D & Crossley S   2004). Pesticides present in ground water or drinking water has great impact and is both costly and problematic to control. For example the total concentration of pesticide residues in many ground water supplies in the EU countries exceeds the maximum permissible concentration. In the US the situation is the same and research done on about 68,000 wells revealed that about 9,000 of these wells were indeed contaminated with the residues, which exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency standards (EPA) for water meant for drinking. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003) Contaminated water is very harmful to animals, vital microorganisms in the soil, and extremely dangerous for the marine ecosystem. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003) Pesticides and Wildlife Wildlife by nature do not discriminate in their eating and drinking habits, thus when the pesticides residues find their way to the areas where the wildlife is bound to exist then it poses great danger as they may lead to a slow but sure death of the animals. A very good example is the death of flamingoes and other bird species in the Kenyan lake Nakuru. These deaths were as a result of the excessive use of pesticides in the upstream waterway that feed the lake with water. (Watson, D 2004).   Greater effects have also been recorded amongst various bee and bird species that are very important in the pollination processes. A good example of this effect was also recorded in the US and Europe between 1950 and 1970 when the dramatic decline in the population of the birds of prey was attributed to the organochlorine pesticide that was POPs. The use of DDT was found to break down to DDE, chemical that was responsible for the cause of eggshell thinning that resulted to the crushing of the eggs leading to the failure of the breeding cycle of the birds of prey that also included the fish-eating birds. http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Another pesticide aspect that has led to the decline in the bird populations is when they have reduced the existence of certain weeds in various arable fields. The weeds play a very significant role in providing the birds with seeds and insects for food, thus when they are decimated then it affects the bird’s food chain. The great decline of the grey partridge is directly attributed to the use of herbicides that change the availability of the food supply.  Ã‚   http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Until recently a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide called cypermethrin was commonly used in sheep dips across the UK and had adverse effect on the environment. The greatest impact was realized in the marine life where a vast number of various aquatic invertebrates were killed. http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ In fish the residues are consumed resulting to the bioaccumulation of the pesticides in the birds of prey that eat this fish. Such pesticides as dieldrin   and aldrin were directly blamed for the decline in the deaths and population decline of birds of prey. However it is worth noting that in areas where the usage of the chemicals is prohibited the population of the birds species has recorded remarkable increase. http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Health Effects Workers in the manufacturing companies are at great dangers of developing various other complications while handling the manufacturing processes. Sometimes the workers lack adequate protection and are therefore exposed to the chemicals that are highly carcinogenic. Farmers and other pesticide handlers are the most exposed people to the dangers of the pesticides. (Watson, D 2004). Organophosphates are less harmful to the environment  Ã‚   compared to organ chlorine pesticides. The pesticides can cause abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, nausea, as well as skin and eye problems. When pesticides are used for a long time they can also cause respiratory problems, memory disorder, cancer, neurological deficit and in women who are exposed so much to the pesticides it can cause miscarriages and birth defects when pregnant. (Walter A. et.al.2005) Consumers Most of the crops planted by big scale farmers are very harmful to the consumers because these farmers use the pesticides for cultivation processes. Fruits and vegetables contain the pesticides residues making them harmful to the consumers. Due to these residues, the maximum Residue limits has recommended some standards for individual pesticides food to be used. The EPA has set tolerances that detect the toxicity of the residues and amount of pesticide application that remain in food before it is marketed and prepared. The tolerance level is obtained using scientific assessments that manufactures are required to produce before a particular pesticide can be registered. (Walter A. et.al.2005) The study published in 1993 showed that the infants and children are exposed to pesticides through their diet, while in the US the study shows that pesticide residues in food cause causes of cancer. (Watson, D 2004). The pesticide residue has been a major concern in the US making it possible in 1996 to begin a program known as United States Department of Agriculture to allow its food to be tested for different types of pesticides. The program allowed the test of different vegetables and fruits commonly eaten for example: Apple, Lettuce, Pears and Oranges. To avoid the entire health problem, the consumer can wash, peel, cook and even trim the fat from meat and eat variety of food to avoid long-term exposure to pesticide. The consumer is also advised to buy organic food. (Walter A. et.al.2005) Pesticides are generally exposed to the general public some of the pesticides are very harmful and because they lack proper handling instructions pose great dangers not only to the users but also to the public at large. According to various studies, various pesticides have severe effects on young children and cause leukemia. Organophosphate can cause infliction to the nerve cells and may lead to low birth weights. This is because when pregnant women are exposed to the pesticides they have a very high chance of affecting the uterus and the child carried in the womb. (Walter A. et.al.2005)   With the development of new technology most pesticides are becoming obsolete and other better methods are being used as form of pest control such technologies are being developed in such countries as Bangladesh, Indonesia and Mexico. To reduce health and environmental risks, biological and botanical methods are being  Ã‚   developed and applicators are advised to adopt other methods other than the use of chemical pesticides. For example farming methods like polyculture where by you grow multiple types of plants or even planting crops where the pests that damage the plants do not exist (crop rotation) if not you can adopt the US style of spraying the pests with hot water or the release of natural predators. Interfering with insect’s production can be accomplished by sterilizing males so that there is no production of the off springs. All this methods have been achieved in Indonesia and Sweden thus making their environment very friendly not only to human beings but also to their crops and animals. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003). Conclusion Pesticides have been of great use especially in the production of food to sustain the ever-increasing world population. Most of the pesticides have significant side effects on the environment and have continued to cause untold damage to the ecosystem. In the developed world the governments have continued to institute very strict measures that have seen the banning of the usage most of such products. The producers realizing the challenges they face in these regions have opted to switch their operations to the third world countries where the regimes lack the necessary infrastructure or legislation to control the use of the said products. Thus the dangers have been shifted from the first worlds to the poor third world countries, which are left to bear the brunt of the pesticides. First world countries have the responsibility of protecting the world from the effects of the pesticides because they are the largest producers.    Work cited Hamilton, Denis; Crossley, Stephen (2004). Pesticide residues in food and drinking water. J. Wiley. Hond, Frank et.al. (2003). Pesticides: problems, improvements, alternatives. Blackwell Science. Pesticides-and-the-environment: Retrieved on 11th April from http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Walter A. Alarcon, et.al. (2005) Pesticides and the Environment. â€Å"Acute Illnesses Associated With Pesticide Exposure at Schools†. Journal of the American Medical Association Watson, David H. (2004). Pesticide, veterinary and other in food residues: woodhead Publishing